Retention characteristics of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions by two types of low lime fly ashes

The technical feasibility of utilization of fly ash as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of metals from water has been studied. For two types of fly ashes, the retention capacities of copper, lead, and zinc metal ions have been studied. Contact time, initial concentration, and pH have been varied and their effect on retention mechanism has been studied. The dominant mechanisms responsible for retention are found to be precipitation due to the presence of calcium hydroxide, and adsorption due to the presence of silica and alumina oxide surfaces in the fly ash. First-order kinetic plots have revealed that the rate constant increases with increase in the initial concentration and pH. Langmuir adsorption isotherms have been plotted to study the maximum adsorption capacities for metal ions considered under different conditions. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of new peaks corresponding to respective metal ions precipitates under alkaline conditions.     

超细电气石粉吸附水体中的Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）

通过对吸附时间、电气石用量、初始溶液pH值、初始离子浓度和吸附温度等单因素试验,研究超细电气石粉对水中重金属离子Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）的吸附性能。实验发现：超细电气石粉对3种重金属离子的吸附均符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。超细电气石粉对Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和zn（Ⅱ）的饱和吸附量分别是18．59、133．33mg／g和15．41mg／g。超细电气石粉对重金属离子的吸附量随着溶液的初始pH值和电气石用量的增加而增加,随着重金属离子浓度的增加而减小。超细电气石粉能够提高金属溶液的pH值。温度对超细电气石粉吸附重金属离子的影响较小。超细电气石粉对混合溶液中的Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）的吸附属于竞争性吸附,其选择性吸附由大到小的顺序为：Pb（Ⅱ）,Cu（Ⅱ）,Zn（Ⅱ）。     

Statistical optimization of adsorption processes for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches

The adsorption capacity of activated carbon produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches through removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution was carried out in the laboratory. The activated carbon was produced by thermal activation of activation time with 30 min at 800℃. The adsorption process conditions were determined with the statistical optimization followed by central composite design. A developed polynomial model for operating conditions of adsorption process indicated that the optimum conditions for maximum adsorption of phenolic compound were： agitation rate of 100 r/min, contact time of 8 h, initial adsorbate concentration of 250 mg/L and pH 4. Adsorption isotherms were conducted to evaluate biosorption process. Langmuir isotherm was more favorable （R^2=0.93） for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by the activated carbon rather than Freundlich isotherm （R^2=0.88）.     

新型黏土改性剂-烷基多糖苷季铵盐

研究了碳链长度不同的2种烷基多糖苷季铵盐在高岭土和膨润土上的吸附行为.结果表明,在膨润土上的吸附量大于在高岭土上,且均符合Langmuir吸附等温线.8碳链的烷基多糖苷季铵盐在2种黏土上的吸附量都明显小于12碳链的.2种不同碳链的烷基多糖苷季铵盐对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrumdonghaiense)、强壮前沟藻(Amphidiniumcarterae)、锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiellatrochoidea)的24h灭杀情况表明,12碳链的烷基多糖苷季铵盐在用量为1.5mg/L时,对3种赤潮藻的灭杀率达到90%,而8碳链的达到同样灭杀率需要2.4mg/L.碳链长的烷基多糖苷季铵盐对赤潮藻的灭杀率也高,改性黏土对赤潮藻的絮凝沉降作用很好的符合双曲线动力学模型.生态毒性实验发现,12碳链的烷基多糖苷季铵盐对黑褐新糠虾(Neomysisawatschensis)的48h半致死浓度为17.5mg/L,在改性黏土去除赤潮藻的过程中没有对养殖生物造成明显的毒性作用.     

活性炭吸附法去除废水中重金属的研究进展

总结了活性炭吸附法去除废水中重金属的机理和规律进行了,其吸附机理有离子交换、络合、化学吸附等,吸附平衡模式除了有Langmuir模式和Freundlich模式之外,还有表面络合模式;分析了pH、溶液的离子强度和初始浓度对单组分溶液吸附去除率的影响;论述了多个金属离子共存时活性炭对金属离子的吸附影响以及金属离子与有机物共存时活性炭对金属离子的吸附影响;最后展望了活性炭在重金属废水处理中的应用前景,提出了一些建议。     

Adsorption characteristics of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium ions by tourmaline

The adsorption characteristics of heavy metals： Cu（Ⅱ）, Pb（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） ions on tourmaline were studied. Adsorption equilibrium was established. The adsorption isotherms of all the four metal ions followed well Langmuir equation. Tourmaline was found to remove heavy metal ions efficiently from aqueous solution with selectivity in the order of Pb（Ⅱ）〉Cu（Ⅱ）〉Cd（Ⅱ）〉Zn（Ⅱ）. The adsorption of metal ions by tourmaline increased with the initial concentration of metal ions increasing in the medium. Tourmaline could also increase pH value of metal solution.The maximum heavy metal ions adsorbed by tourmaline was found to be 78.86, 154.08, 67.25, and 66.67 mg/g for Cu（Ⅱ）, Pb（U）, Zn（Ⅱ） and Cd（U）, respectively. The temperature （25-55℃） had a small effect on the adsorption capacity of tourmaline. Competitive adsorption of Cu（Ⅱ）, Pb（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） ions was also studied. The adsorption capacity of tourmaline for single metal decreased in the order of Pb〉Cu〉Zn 〉Cd and inhibition dominance observed in two metal systems was Pb〉Cu, Pb〉Zn, Pb〉Cd, Cu〉Zn, Cu〉Cd, and Cd〉Zn.     

Geochemical modeling of cadmium sorption to soil as a function of soil properties

Cadmium sorption experiments were conducted to infer Cd sorption mechanisms to a reference smectite and three fractions of a Vertisol soil. Untreated Vertisol has a higher adsorption capacity for Cd than that of reference smectite. Surface complex modeling was used to calculate the potential contributions of Cd complexation reactions with permanent charge sites and pH-dependent charge sites over ranges in pH, for soils with given surface areas, and sorption site densities. The Langmuir model produced relatively good predictions of Cd sorption on reference smectite and Vertisol. However, the results of the triple-layer model (TLM) were inadequate to describe Cd adsorption on fixed-charge sites because the model could not account for the ion-exchange reaction on the basal plane. Based upon the two geochemical models of Cd adsorption to the reference smectite and Vertisol, it appears that the basal plane siloxane cavities are the most important sites for Cd complexation at pH < 6.5. For the pH-dependent sites, the edge-site aluminol appears to be the dominant surface functional group responsible for Cd adsorption at pH > 6.5.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Pressure-assisted ozonation of PCB and PAH contaminated sediments

Sediment contamination by recalcitrant organics such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is prevalent and of a great concern. Remediation efforts are hampered by the hydrophobic nature of the contaminants that limits their availability as well as by the sediment matrix that limits their exposure to treatment agents. Using contaminated sediment samples from the Passaic River, St. Louis River, Waukegan Harbor, and Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve, this research demonstrated a new ozonation technique that incorporates rapid, successive cycles of pressurization (690 kPa) and depressurization, enabling more effective treatment than conventional ozonation would. Conventional ozonation reached maximum 60% and 40% removal of PAHs from the Passaic River (40 mg kg(-1) initially) and St. Louis River sediment (520 mg kg(-1) initially), respectively, in 1h; however, removals ceased despite prolonged treatment for 2h. The pressure-assisted technique removed 96% of PAHs from both river sediments within 1h; it completely removed both PAHs (16 mg kg(-1) initially) and PCBs (5.1 mg kg(-1) initially) from the Waukegan Harbor sediment in 0.5 h. The heightened treatment is explained by soil aggregate fracturing upon pressure cycles that exposes the contaminants as well as by the confluence of hydrophobic contaminants and O(3) at the gas-liquid interface in the presence of microbubbles. The technique is expected to accelerate O(3) treatment of a wide range of organic contaminants, and it may provide treatment to dredged and stored contaminated sediment.