Effect of Rainfall Regime and Slope on Runoff in a Gullied Loess Region on the Loess Plateau in China

Runoff was measured from seven plots with different slopes nested in Tuanshangou catchment on the Loess Plateau to study effect of slopes on runoff in relation to rainfall regimes. Based on nine years of field observation and K-mean clusters, 84 rainfall events were grouped into three rainfall regimes. Rainfall regime A is the group of events with strong rainfall intensity, high frequency, and short duration. Rainfall regime C consists of events with low intensity, long duration, and infrequent occurrence. Rainfall regime B is the aggregation of events of medium intensity and medium duration, and less frequent occurrence. The following results were found: (1) Different from traditional studies, runoff coefficient neither decreased nor increased, but presented peak value on the slope surfaces; (2) For individual plot, runoff coefficients induced by rainfall regime A were the highest, and those induced by rainfall regime C were the lowest; Downslope, the runoff coefficients induced by three rainfall regimes presented the same changing trend, although the peak value induced by regime A occurred on a shorter slope length compared to those by regime B and C; (3) Scale effect on runoff induced by rainfall regime A was the least, and that induced by rainfall regime C was the largest. These results can be explained by the interactions of crusting, soil moisture content, slope length and gradient, and erosion units, etc., in the context of different rainfall regimes.     

中国黄土高原地区的风蚀灾害及其防治

对我国黄土高原地区的风蚀情况及其严重危害作了简要阐述，指出坚持实施水土保持综合治理是防治风蚀灾害的根本途径，并对防治工作对策提出若干建议．     

太湖流域非点源污染研究与控制

分析了太湖流域主要非点源污染类型与现状,指出在完成对点源污染的控制以后,非点源污染将成为该区域环境状况改善的主要限制因子。认为太源流域主要类型非点源污染来源于：农业、林业、养殖业（畜、禽、水产）的非点源负荷,城镇化建设、现代交通、农村居民用地的地表径流,城镇农村生活污水的排放等;定性地论述了非点源污染形成的主要途径。进一步讨论了太湖流域非点源污染研究动态、存在的问题及其发展趋向,就目前太湖流域非点源污染的研究与控制进行了探讨,太湖流域非点源污染的研究需要将环境水文学、生态系统生态学结合起来,同时运用先进技术进行全面动态评估;同时有针对性地讨论了不同类型非点源污染的防治措施。     

黄土区冲沟,滑坡航空图像解译分析：以中国西部石油管道工程为例

本文在应用航空图像对中国西部石油管道工程黄土区冲沟、滑坡解译的基础上，分析了冲沟、滑坡的特点及形成条件，提出了防灾对策。     

Methods development and use of macroinvertebrates as indicators of ecological conditions for streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region

The Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment (MAHA) included the sampling of macroinvertebrates from 424 wadeable stream sites to determine status and trends, biological conditions, and water quality in first through third order streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region (MAHR) of the United States in 1993–1995. We identified reference and impaired sites using water chemistry and habitat criteria and evaluated a set of candidate macroinvertebrate metrics using a stepwise process. This process examined several metric characteristics, including ability of metrics to discriminate reference and impaired sites, relative scope of impairment, correlations with chemical and habitat indicators of stream disturbance, redundancy with other metrics, and within-year variability. Metrics that performed well were compared with metrics currently being used by three states in the region: Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Some of the metrics used by these states did not perform well when evaluated using regional data, while other metrics used by all three states in some form, specifically number of taxa, number of EPT taxa, and Hilsenhoff Biotic Index, performed well overall. Reasons for discrepancies between state and regional evaluations of metrics are explored. We also provide a set of metrics that, when used in combination, may provide a useful assessment of stream conditions in the MAHR.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡面-沟道系统中的高含沙水流(Ⅱ)--泥沙存储-释放及降雨、径流特征的影响

以黄河中游多沙粗沙区子洲径流站和离石王家沟试验站的径流场观测资料为基础，对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡沟系统中高含沙水流特征进行了研究。研究表明，在坡面-沟道系统中，存在着泥沙的存贮-释放机制，这一机制与非高含沙水流和高含沙水流不同的输沙行为有关。当水流为非高含沙水流时，来自坡面和悬移质泥沙中的粗粒部分可在沟道中发生沉积；当为高含沙水流时，前期沉积的粗粒泥沙将因沟道高含沙水流强烈的侵蚀搬运作用而发生释放。降雨对坡沟系统高含沙水流的形成关系密切。在冲沟次降雨最大含沙量与雨强的关系中，表现出两个临界值。超过第一个临界值以后，含沙量急剧增大；超过第二个临界值之后，则出现极限含沙量，即含沙量不再随雨强的增大而增大。     

西南地区生态文化旅游科技发展战略初探

西南地区旅游资源丰富多样,但经济发展水平相对落后.要实现西南地区经济社会的腾飞,必须实施生态文化旅游科技发展战略.在分析西南地区旅游资源特点的基础上,指出了旅游发展的战略目标及主要任务,并提出了相关建议.     

资源所有权制度改革与西部地区经济发展

随着资源的开采，西部许多地区不是越来越富而是越来越穷，形成了资源富有与经济落后的强烈反差，出现了“富饶的贫困”现象。在资源所有权制度改革中应充分考虑资源利益的多主体性和不同利益主体之间的利益综合平衡，尤其需要考虑到资源所在地的利益问题，确立资源地区对属地资源的收益权，增强资源地自我约束、自我积累、自我发展的能力，才能保证西部资源的开发能有效地带动当地经济的发展。     

基于NLM的三峡重庆库区面源污染负荷研究

随机性、模糊性、不确定性很强的面污染源是水环境污染中最主要的污染源。面源污染负荷的准确估算是研究和治理面源污染的基础。现在的面源污染数字模型大多数建立于DEM之上，高成本的DEM限制着这类模型的发展。新兴模型——NLM以面源污染发生机理完善而著称。借助于NLM，以三峡重庆库区为例研究分析面源污染的机理，面源污染负荷随时间的变化以及面源负荷受各因素的影响程度等。从硝化、反硝化、矿化、吸附等作用过程中更深层地剖析了面源污染行为；掌握了面源污染物TP、NH3-N、NO3-N的随时间的变化规律及降雨量、土壤有机成分、土壤气温、总辐照等因子对各污染物负荷的影响及相互关系。总之，NLM为开展面源污染负荷及影响因素的研究提供了科学依据。     

黄土高原半干旱区雨水利用与可持续农业发展研究

黄土高原半干旱区是一个特定的生态类型和重要的农业区域 ,严重的水土流失和频繁的干旱是该区农业可持续发展的主要制约因素。本文在分析雨水利用可行性的基础上 ,提出了农业发展的有效模式———集水型生态农业 ,它不仅适应于当地的雨水等自然资源条件 ,更适应生产力发展水平 ,易于在农户水平上推广 ,并且具有显著的经济、生态和社会效益 ,是实现该区农业可持续发展的战略性举措 ,同时也为“退耕还林 (草 )”开发战略的实施提供了一个思路