环境地表γ计量率、工频电磁场和射频电场监测实验结果对比分析研究

本文通过两实验室针对环境地表γ计量率、工频电磁场和射频电场仪器对比实验,并对结果进行了统计检验。分析结果表明,两者监测数据无显著差异。     

建筑陶瓷碳计量与优化模型研究

采用投入产出分析方法和目标规划方法,以某建陶企业为代表,建立了建筑陶瓷产业投入产出模型及低碳优化模型,利用投入产出模型计量和预估了建筑陶瓷产业关键环节碳排放和产品碳足迹;应用低碳优化模型对建筑陶瓷企业的产品计划进行了低碳优化.结果表明,建筑陶瓷企业年二氧化碳排放量达182 543.9 t,单位产品碳排放量多于国外先进水平10%以上;影响建筑陶瓷产业二氧化碳排放的关键环节为烧成和喷雾干燥过程,烧成和喷雾干燥过程排放的二氧化碳占总排放的80%以上;3种建筑陶瓷产品中,坯砖、抛光砖、釉面砖的万平米产量碳足迹依次为150.2、168.0、159.6 t.建筑陶瓷企业经低碳模型优化后可以在保证同样利润的同时降低5.4%的碳排放,也可以在保证碳排放相同的条件下使利润提高5.6%.     

Warm forming die design,Part II: Parting surface temperature response characterization of a novel thermal finite element modeling code

The majority of the research activities in the area of warm forming are concentrated on demonstrating or simulating the improved formability associated with forming lightweight materials such as aluminum alloys at elevated temperatures. However, the ability to design the proper thermal management system within the forming tool is a critical aspect to delivering this technology as a viable, stable production alternative to traditional stamping. This work begins to address the thermal stability issues of this process by examining the impact of process cycle time on the parting surface temperature response. Cycle times of 10, 15, 30, and 300 s were evaluated using a reciprocating surface and a self-heated experimental block of 1020 steel fitted with resistance cartridge heaters. The presented results indicate that cycle time does not significantly impact the steady-state temperature response at the parting surface for a well-insulated die that has proper thermal management. Parting surface experimental results were compared to values obtained numerically and through the use of the novel thermal finite element analysis software PASSAGE/Forming^®.     

Influence of temporally variable groundwater flow conditions on point measurements and contaminant mass flux estimations

Monitoring of contaminant concentrations, e.g., for the estimation of mass discharge or contaminant degradation rates, often is based on point measurements at observation wells. In addition to the problem, that point measurements may not be spatially representative, a further complication may arise due to the temporal dynamics of groundwater flow, which may cause a concentration measurement to be not temporally representative. This paper presents results from a numerical modeling study focusing on temporal variations of the groundwater flow direction. “Measurements” are obtained from point information representing observation wells installed along control planes using different well frequencies and configurations. Results of the scenario simulations show that temporally variable flow conditions can lead to significant temporal fluctuations of the concentration and thus are a substantial source of uncertainty for point measurements. Temporal variation of point concentration measurements may be as high as the average concentration determined, especially near the plume fringe, even when assuming a homogeneous distribution of the hydraulic conductivity. If a heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity field is present, the concentration variability due to a fluctuating groundwater flow direction varies significantly within the control plane and between the different realizations. Determination of contaminant mass fluxes is also influenced by the temporal variability of the concentration measurement, especially for large spacings of the observation wells. Passive dosimeter sampling is found to be appropriate for evaluating the stationarity of contaminant plumes as well as for estimating average concentrations over time when the plume has fully developed. Representative sampling has to be performed over several periods of groundwater flow fluctuation. For the determination of mass fluxes at heterogeneous sites, however, local fluxes, which may vary considerably along a control plane, have to be accounted for. Here, dosimeter sampling in combination with time integrated local water flux measurements can improve mass flux estimates under dynamic flow conditions.     

一种室外声屏障过渡区域绕射衰减测量方法

提出了一种声屏障声影区与声亮区过渡区域的绕射衰减室外测量方法。方法采用5ms的正弦波作为测试信号,利用声波到达时间的差异有效地排除地面反射和有限长声屏障两侧绕射的影响,并通过背景噪声频谱分析选取测试声以及对接受信号FIR滤波以最大限度降低背景噪声的影响,同时考虑了气象条件变化导致的大气衰减修正。为进一步验证方法有效性,选取直立声屏障作为试验案例。结果表明,与室内全消声室试验结果、几何绕射理论结果接近,试验精度高。     

Printed wiring boards for mobile phones: characterization and recycling of copper

The popularization of mobile phones, combined with a technological evolution, means a large number of scrap and obsolete equipment are discarded every year, thereby causing economic losses and environmental pollution. In the present study, the printed wiring boards scrap of mobile phones were characterized in order to recycle some of the device components, using techniques of mechanical processing, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy. The use of the techniques of mechanical processing (milling, particle size classification, magnetic and electrostatic separation) was an efficient alternative to obtain a concentrated fraction (mainly iron in the magnetic fraction and copper in the conductive fraction) and another fraction containing polymers and ceramics. At the end of mechanical processing, a concentrated fraction of metals could be obtained with an average concentration of 60% copper. This concentrated fraction in metals was dissolved in aqua regia and sent to electrowinning to recover 92% of the dissolved copper. The obtained cathodes have a copper content above 95%, which demonstrates the technical feasibility of recovery of copper using the techniques of mechanical processing, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy.     

液相吸收-高效液相色谱法测量气相OH方法的建立

利用水杨酸溶液相OH自由基，生成的荧光产物2，5－二羟苯甲酸用高效液相色谱法分离测定，推算得到气相OH浓度，根据此原理在实验室条件下，建立了气相OH自由基的测定方法，并利用气相OH标准发生源确定了最优实验条件，得到了气相OH浓度与荣光响应关系。由相吸收－高效液相色谱法测定的浓度与标准OH气流中的理论浓度比较一致。     

The influence of radiopharmaceutical isotope production on the global radioxenon background

Radioxenon isotopes play a major role in confirming whether or not an underground explosion was nuclear in nature. It is then of key importance to understand the sources of environmental radioxenon to be able to distinguish them from those of a nuclear explosion.     

我国农村劳动力流动性就业计量问题研究

改革开放30年来,上亿农村劳动力实现了向城镇非农产业大规模转移,而我国沿袭至今的劳动就业统计制度突出的缺陷是将三部分人--在农村从事纯农的农民,在城镇从事非农工作但户口在农村的农民工,游移于乡城间"亦工亦农"的农村劳动力--排除于劳动统计计量之外.不解决这部分劳动力就业的统计计量的问题,则很难准确回答"中国的失业率究竟有多高?".为此,确定严格的、便于与国际接轨的劳动就业标准,从而构建我国统一的、规范的劳动就业市场至关重要.本文着重探讨了游移于农村与城市之间、就业岗位、就业时间不固定的农村劳动力就业、失业不充分的计量问题.作者在对国内外就业和失业定义和计量标准进行比较和评价基础上,结合我国实情提出了以法定劳动力年工时为核心的劳动力流动性就业的调查和计量方法,并通过调查案例证实了它的有效性与可行性.     

摆管淋水试验装置的校准方法探讨

文中简述了摆管淋水试验装置的基本结构及其常见的校准方式，对其中的“摆角校准”这一技术难点提出了可行的解决方案并作了较详尽的说明分析。