脉冲放电粒子荷电机理的研究

脉冲电晕放电在脉冲期间产生大量的高能电子，形成粒子在电场中的电子荷电．依据粒子附近的电子密度Ｂｏｌｔｚｍａｎ分布和电子在粒子表面传输的速率方程，在电子的动能大于或等于粒子表面势垒能的边界条件基础上得到粒子在脉冲电晕场中粒子荷电的速率方程，并利用龙格库塔法求解荷电速率方程得到粒子在脉冲放电条件下的荷电量．计算结果表明脉冲放电下的粒子荷电量平均是直流电晕放电的离子荷电量的１８倍，最大荷电量是０５—１５μｍ范围内的粒子，荷电量是直流电晕的２６倍．这一结果不仅与Ｄａｖｉｄ的粒子自由电子荷电理论结果相似，而且与微细粒子电子荷电量测试结果基本一致．     

排污收费制度执行程序探讨

论述了我国现行的排污收费制度的执行程序,指出了实践中存在的一些问题,并对完善执法程序、提高监理部门的法律地位等,提出了建议和措施。     

城市生活垃圾收费制度在天津市市民中的认知度分析

通过对天津市六个小区居民关于天津市城市生活垃圾处理收费制度的认知度调查结果分析，得知天津市有44.1％的居民知道垃圾处理费收费制度，有39.8％的居民对收取垃圾处理费持赞成态度。分析结果认为，天津市应该加大力度进行环境教育，向居民宣传垃圾收费政策及其意义，并应着手进行垃圾定量收费的研究和试点工作，努力实现将生活垃圾资源化、减量化，减少垃圾的排放量，促进城市生态环境的可持续发展。     

小城镇生活垃圾收费弹性分析——关于黑龙江省密山市密山镇生活垃圾收费的调查

通过对黑龙江省密山市密山镇环卫处的实地调查，收集了生活垃圾清运量、卫生收费和监察收费的时间序列数据。借助于经济学的弹性理论，计算了生活垃圾清运量对卫生收费和检查收费总额的弹性，分时段阐述了生活垃圾清运量对上述收费总额所表现出的与弹性理论相违背的现象，得出目前该镇收费对生活垃圾的减量化基本不起作用的结论，井从收费方法不合理和收费标准低的角度分析了上述现象存在的原因以及完善谊镇生活垃圾收费制度的建议。     

Underestimated contribution of fugitive emission to VOCs in pharmaceutical industry based on pollution characteristics, odorous activity and health risk assessment

Fugitive emission has been becoming an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in pharmaceutical industry, but the exact contribution of fugitive emission remains incompletely understood. In present study, pollution characteristics, odorous activity and health risk of stack and fugitive emissions of VOCs from four functional units (e.g., workshop, sewage treatment station, raw material storage and hazardous waste storage) of three representative pharmaceutical factories were investigated. Workshop was the dominant contributor to VOCs of fugitive emission in comparison with other functional units. Extreme high concentration of VOCs from fugitive emission in unsealed workshop (94.87 mg/m³) was observed relative to sealed one (1.18 mg/m³), accounting for 31% and 5% of total VOCs, respectively. Fugitive emission of VOCs in the unsealed workshop mainly consisted of n-hexane, 1-hexene and dichloromethane. Odorous activity indexes and non-cancer hazard ratios of these VOCs from fugitive emission in the unsealed workshop were as high as that from stack exhaust. Furthermore, cancer risk of dichloromethane from fugitive emission and stack exhaust was up to (1.6-1.8) × 10⁻⁵. Odorous activity or health risk index of the VOCs from fugitive emission was up to 13 or 11 times of the corresponding threshold value, posing remarkable health threat on pharmaceutical workers. Our findings highlighted the possibly underestimated contribution of fugitive emission on VOCs in the pharmaceutical industry.     

刍议总量控制约束下排污收费费率的修正

在污染物排放总量控制的政策框架下,要实现社会生产最大化,就必须提高排污企业和行业的排放绩效.现行的排污收费制度只对污染物排放当量收费而没有考虑污染物排放绩效,这一政策在改善企业环境行为方面的作用尚未发挥到极致.将排放绩效指标引入排污收费制度,鼓励排放绩效高的企业发展,抑制排放绩效低的企业发展,将使排污收费政策的作用从对污染物排放的总量控制转变为在污染物排放总量控制下对环境容量资源的有效配置,通过污染物排放量在各生产者之间的有效分配实现社会生产最大化.     

城市污水与垃圾处理市场化研究

应用公共经济学的理论和国内外的实证数据对我国城市污水与垃圾处理市场化前景进行了分析研究．并对制约城市污水与垃圾处理市场化的因子进行了研究，指出我国城市污水与垃圾处理具有相当的芾场化前景：而投资渠道单一、运营管理效率低下、收费政策不够完善是城市污水与垃圾处理市场化程度低的突出问题。最后．针对性地提出了加快我国城市污水与垃圾产业化和市场化的BOT融资模式、排污收费和公众参与等对策。     

苄嘧磺隆在两种可变电荷土壤中的吸附

研究了两种典型可变电荷土壤对磺酰脲类除草剂——苄嘧磺隆(bensulfuron-methyl,BSM)的等温吸附和吸附动力学,及pH对土壤吸附苄嘧磺隆的影响。结果表明,土壤吸附苄嘧磺隆的量随着苄嘧磺隆的质量浓度的升高而增加,而随溶液pH的升高逐渐减小;土壤的物理和化学性质也影响其吸附苄嘧磺隆的量。用Langmuir、Freundlich、Dubinin-Redushkerich等方程对供试土样吸附BSM的数据进行了拟合,分析比较发现土壤吸附苄嘧磺隆的等温曲线较好地符合Freundlich方程。动力学研究显示一级动力学方程能很好地拟合供试土壤的动力学特性,苄嘧磺隆在红壤中较早达到吸附平衡。     

Simple relationships between the ionization energies of one-, two- and three-electron ions of consecutive elements

The ionization energy of one-electron ions can be calculated from a well-known equation that is based on quantum mechanics and on the Bohr model, but no theoretically justified equation is available for the calculation of the ionization energies of multi-electron ions. I report here simple empirical relationships between the ionization energies of one-, two- and three-electron ions of elements whose atomic numbers are Z, Z + 1 and Z + 2. On the basis of these relationships, an equation was constructed for the calculation of the ionization energies of two- and three-electron ions (IE(2el)(Z) and IE(3el)(Z), respectively) as a function of Z only: [equation: see text] where N = the number of electrons, i.e. 2 or 3. For N = 3, this equation is only valid when Z > N, being inaccurate for the neutral Li atom. Graphs of the difference between calculated and experimental values of the ionization energies as a function of Z reveal inaccurate experimental results that are impossible to detect by inspection of the ionization energy itself. On the basis of the present results, more accurate values can be predicted for these ionization energies. A striking example is the inaccuracy of the traditional handbook value of IE(3el)(Fe).     

Interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and bacterial loads of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

Pollution by toxic metals including cadmium (Cd) and hypoxia are important stressors in estuaries and coastal waters which may interactively affect sessile benthic organisms, such as oysters. We studied metabolic responses to prolonged hypoxic acclimation (2 weeks at 5% O₂) in control and Cd-exposed (30 d at 50 μg L⁻¹ Cd) oysters Crassostrea virginica, and analyzed the effects of these stressors on abundance of Vibrio spp. in oysters. Hypoxia-acclimated oysters retained normal standard metabolic rates (SMR) at 5% O₂, in contrast to a decline of SMR observed during acute hypoxia. However, oysters spent more time actively ventilating in hypoxia than normoxia resulting in enhanced Cd uptake and 2.7-fold higher tissue Cd burdens in hypoxia. Cd exposure led to a significant decrease in tissue glycogen stores, increase in free glucose levels and elevated activity of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase and aldolase) indicating a greater dependence on carbohydrate catabolism. A compensatory increase in activities of two key mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase) was found during prolonged hypoxia in control oysters but suppressed in Cd-exposed ones. Cd exposure also resulted in a significant increase in abundance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus levels during normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. Overall, Cd- and hypoxia-induced changes in metabolic profile, Cd accumulation and bacterial flora of oysters indicate that these stressors can synergistically impact energy homeostasis, performance and survival of oysters in polluted estuaries and have significant consequences for transfer of Cd and bacterial pathogens to the higher levels of the food chain.