Air quality effects of traffic in a canyon-like street (Falmouth,U.K.)

It has been suggested that in relation to air quality impacts, roads with low (<20 000 vpd) traffic flow need not be consideredas significant. This study examines this suggestion more closelyby comparing real-time monitoring of traffic related pollutants (NO₂, PM₁₀ and PAH) at two sites (including a `canyon-street') in Falmouth, Cornwall in relation to traffic flow. For comparison, real-time monitoring data for NO₂ and PM₁₀ is also taken from a well ventilated site in Camelford, Cornwall. The data obtained suggest that roads with traffic flow considerably lower than 20 000 vpd can give rise topollutant levels which have implications for human health. The application of simple linear regression techniques to the datasuggests that under certain conditions simple estimates can be made in relation to likely traffic-related air quality effects in canyon-like streets.     

Determination of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples of a coruña city (Spain)

The hydrocarbon composition of atmospheric particulate matter from A Coruña city (Northwest Spain) has been studied. TSP (total suspended particulate) and PM₁₀ (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 µm) samples were taken over 7 and 4 months at two stations located in residential and industrial sectors of A Coruña city, respectively. The levels of hydrocarbons found in atmospheric particulate samples of A Coruña city are higher than the ones found in other cities over the world. Ratios between the analysed compounds and their sources were established. Both anthropogenic and biogenic origins were found.     

The emissions of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from modern coal-fired power stations

Extensive research for establishing the emissions of heavy metals from coal-fired power stations is performed in the Netherlands for the past 25 years. In the Netherlands coal is fired from all over the world. This means that the emissions are established for coal of various origins. In the eighties, the emissions of installations equipped with ESPs (electrostatic precipitators) were measured. In the nineties, the influence of wet FGD (flue gas desulphurisation) on the emissions was studied. The effect of co-combustion of biomass and other secondary fuels is the main item for the last 10 years.Fifty-five elements were measured in the solid state and eight elements in the gaseous phase. It appeared that at low particulate concentration the influence of calcium containing evaporated water droplets downstream the wet FGD on the emissions of heavy metals is bigger than the composition of the coal. Also it appeared that at modern coal-fired power stations the emissions are hardly influenced by co-combustion of biomass. All the results are used for modelling, resulting in the KEMA TRACE MODEL^®, by which the emissions can be predicted. The established emission factors are for most elements in good agreement with literature values for comparable modern installations.Persistence organic pollutants (POPs) that were detected in the flue gases of coal-fired power stations are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and dioxins/furans. Measurements during full coal-firing and during co-firing of biomass have indicated that these emissions are negligible.     

A simple,rapid, and highly informative PCR-based procedure for prenatal diagnosis and carrier screening of phenylketonuria

The polymorphic information content (PIC) and the degree of heterozygosity of several polymorphic systems within the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene were determined in 85 European Caucasian and 19 Chinese phenylketonuria (PKU) kindreds. The first system examined, a short tandem repeat (STR), had a PIC of 80 and 73 per cent in these Caucasian and Chinese samples, respectively. The degree of heterozygosity actually observed for this system was 81 and 64 per cent in the Caucasian and Chinese PKU families, respectively. Through the addition of a second polymorphism based on a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), the PIC was increased to 90 per cent in Caucasians, but only to 75 per cent in Chinese. The degree of heterozygosity observed for this combination was 94 per cent in European PKU families and 67 per cent in Chinese PKU families. The further addition of an Xmnl RFLP increased both the PIC and the level of heterozygosity in Caucasians to 95 per cent, but did not change either of these measures in Chinese. The combined use of these three polymorphisms significantly increases the informativity of prenatal diagnostic and carrier screening procedures in both Caucasian and Chinese PKU kindreds. Furthermore, since each of these polymorphisms can be studied by PCR-based methods, these new tests can be performed more quickly and easily than previous Southern-based procedures.     

杭州市交通道口大气飘尘中多环芳烃的研究

对杭州市某交通道口的可吸入颗粒物 ( IP)浓度进行测定 ,IP浓度为 1 1 2 /ng·m- 3 ,并用 HPLC对其中的多环芳烃进行定性、定量分析 ,鉴定出 1 0种 ,其中 Ba P浓度为 1 0 .51 /ng· m- 3 。     

北京地区大气颗粒物中硝基多环芳烃与多环芳烃的研究

提出了一套包括提取、还原、分离及同时测定硝基多环芳烃及多环芳烃的分析方法.通过对北京几个不同功能区所采样品的分析及Ames短期生物实验,进一步肯定北京大气颗粒物中不仅含有致突变物和致癌物多环芳烃,还含有直接致突变物硝基多环芳烃,这两类化合物在大气颗粒物中的含量均呈现“冬高夏低’的规律,它们在商业区,居民区的污染更为严重.     

沈阳卫工河水中多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险初步评价

卫工河水中6月(夏季)16种多环芳烃的含量为0.244～2.038μg·L-1,平均为0.768μg·L-1;9月(秋季)水中总多环芳烃(TPAHs)含量为0.503～0.989μg·L-1,平均0.761μg·L-1;11月(冬季)多环芳烃的含量为0.229～0.427μg·L-1,平均含量为0.346μg·L-1。个别地点苯并(a)芘含量明显高于国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002);对卫工河水中多环芳烃污染来源分析发现,多环芳烃的主要来源燃烧来源;通过商值法对卫工河的初步风险评价表明,卫工河水中苯并(a)芘存在较大的生态风险,应引起有关部门的进一步关注。     

邯郸市可吸入颗粒物上多环芳烃来源识别和解析

环境空气中多环芳烃的来源包括自然源和人为源,本文根据化学质量平衡（CMB）受体模型对邯郸市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃进行源解析,测定邯郸市非采暖季和采暖季可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的浓度,对其污染水平进行比较分析。根据污染源调查结果,确定市区多环芳烃的主要排放源类,并建立相应的源成分谱。应用化学质量平衡受体模型解析邯郸市可吸入颗粒物上多环芳烃主要来源的分担率,并根据分析结果针对性提出了多环芳烃污染防治对策。     

Measurement of particulate aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in Santiago de Chile: source reconciliation and evaluation of sampling artifacts

Using a novel sampler, particulate organic compounds were collected in Santiago de Chile from June 9 to August 10, 1997. This sampler consists of a diffusion denuder to remove gas-phase organics prior to particle collection, a Teflon filter, and a PUF cartridge downstream of the filter. PAHs and n-alkanes were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Volatilization of particles collected on the Teflon filter varied from 15 to 85% for both n-alkanes and PAHs, with strong dependence on molecular weight. The relative distribution of n-alkanes and the values of molecular diagnostic ratios, such as Carbon preference index, indicated a mixed origin with strong anthropogenic input. Indeed, CPI values ranged from 0.66 to 1.96 (for the whole range of n-alkanes). The percent contribution of leaf “wax” n-alkanes (4.55–20.83%) indicated the low contribution of biogenic sources. In addition, the distribution pattern of PAHs was characteristic of anthropogenic emissions. The dominant contribution of combustion-related PAHs (CPAHs), 74–84%, indicated that vehicular emissions was the major source of PAHs.     

大气中多环芳烃的来源及采样方式的研究

本文对大气中多环芳烃的来源进行了调查的基础上,对燃源,交通源,等采产方式进行了综述,评价了各种采样方式的优缺点,从而造反我环芳烃污染源解析的采样方式。