马尾松酸雨危害与次期性害虫之间关系的研究

本文通过使用罩笼接虫、林中置木招引、模拟酸雨试验小区置木招引的研究方法,对马尾松次期性害虫进行了招引试验.结果表明,受酸雨危害和用酸水处理的试材与对照试材相比,均易遭小蠹、天牛、象虫等次期性害虫的入侵危害.试材平均每100cm~2表面积虫孔数分别高2.2—3,0.5—1.6,0.8—1.0个.     

Specific Cytogenetic Characteristics of Pinus cretaceae and Pinus sylvestris

A comparative cytogenetic study has been performed in four populations of two pine species, Pinus cretaceae Kalen. and P. sylvestris L., growing on sandy and chalky substrates in Voronezh and Belgorod oblasts. Significant differences in the parameters of mitotic and nucleolar activities, as well as the rate and spectrum of mitotic pathology, between populations of P. cretaceae and P. sylvestris and between populations of P. cretaceae growing under different conditions have been found. Populations of P. sylvestris growing on sandy and chalky substrates differ from each other in nucleolar activity. These differences may be adaptive and reflect the characteristic metabolic patterns and biological plasticity of pines growing under specific conditions.     

Effects of acid rain on forest ecosystem in Southwestern China

The study of effects of acid rain in Southwestern China on forest ecosystems .has been inrestigated since 1984. The results have shown that the ecosystem of Pinus massoniana forest has been damaged severely by acid rain. Comparing the areas where the annual mean pH value is lower than 4.5 with that higher than 4.5, the productivity of the ecosystems decreased 50 percent. Both the percentages of the green leaves and the content of chlorophyll cut down; the acidity of soil increased a bit and the fertility showed the tendency to lower. The microbial population components in surface soil were changed and the total number of soil microbes reduced from 63.5 to 92.6 percent. Besides the direct effects of acid rain, the insect pest, especially, Blastophagus piniperdoz and Monochamus galloprovincialis, seized the opportunity to enter and reproduce in it so as to aggravate the forest dieback of P.massoniana in the areas where the annual average pH value is lower than 4.5.Additionally, the simulation study on the     

古田山国家级自然保护区黄山松群落特征及物种多样性研究

通过对黄山松群落特征及物种多样性进行分析,结果表明,古田山自然保护区黄山松群落植物种类较丰富,科属组成分散,区系成分较复杂。从属的地理成分来看,温带分布的属多于热带分布的属。群落的生活型以高位芽植物为主,地下芽植物次之。该群落叶的性质以小型叶、单叶、草质、非全缘为主。群落垂直结构复杂,地上成层现象明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,并有一定数量的层间植物。乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性大小依次为灌木层>乔木层>草本层。     

火炬松成熟合子胚培养直接体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生

以Hb、Ma和Mc3个基因型的火炬松成熟合子胚为外植体，建立了火炬松的离体培养直接体细胞胚胎发生植株再生体系实验结果表明，不同基因型火炬松之间的直接体细胞胚诱导频率有明显差异3个基因型中．Hb的成熟合子胚在附加1mg·L－12，4－D和4mg·L－1BA的DCR培养基上的直接体细胞胚诱导频率最高，达18％,扫描电镜观察表明，直接体细胞胚主要形成于成熟合子胚的子叶表而且胚轴较短，和母体组织仅保持胚根部位的联系组织细胞学切片结果表明，直接体细胞胚上胚根的发育落后于子叶，但是由直接体细胞胚发育形成的再生小苗有独立的维管组织，根部也较发达，并且整个小植株的维管系统和成熟合子胚上子叶的维管组织没有直接的联系.     

Simplification of Pine Forests Due to Utilization by Tibetan Villages in Southwest China

In China, many rural communities depend upon forests to provide wood, fuel, fertilizer, animal bedding, and valuable non-timber forest products (NTFP). However, the degree to which forest resource extraction is compatible with new conservation aims is unclear because there is little information on the specific ecological effects of traditional forest collecting practices. Therefore, we compared the structure and floristics of Pinus densata forests exposed to three levels of resource extraction by Tibetan villages in northwest Yunnan: (1) a forest site protected from wood and timber removal, (2) moderately utilized forest sites exposed to traditional collecting practices, and (3) patches of highly utilized forest from which timber extraction is high in response to recent development pressures. The results show that understorey and cryptogamic species are reduced in all the utilized forest sites by comparison with the protected forest. However, the moderately utilized pine forests still provide good NTFP habitats by maintaining relatively high canopy covers, litter covers, and understorey structural complexity; this suggests that traditional forest resource use, while simplifying the forest, does not pose an increasing threat to pine forest integrity. By comparison, the highly utilized forests are transformed into open, herb-rich environments in which canopy covers and understorey complexity are depleted, and NTFP habitats are degraded. In the future it may be practical to enhance biodiversity by proscribing forest resource collection, but the immediate priority is to monitor the sustainability of forest utilization using indicators such as understorey development, litter cover, and cryptogamic richness.     

河南神农山过去162年树轮季节降水重建

采用河南神农山白皮松轮宽序列,重建了该地区1850—2011 年上年9 月至当年6 月降 水量序列,重建方程方差解释量为42.4%。重建序列显示,在过去162 年中,神农山地区经历了 4 次持续时间超过5 年的严重干旱时段：1860—1879,1888—1913,1917—1945,1992—1998, 以及三次较为湿润的时段：1882—1893,1946—1991,1999—2006。发现研究区在1945 年之前 干旱频发,且持续时间较长。在1945 年之后,持续性干旱事件较少发生,降水量有上升趋势。 神农山降水重建序列与由历史文献记录划分的洛阳和郑州二地旱涝指数及亚洲– 太平洋涛动指 数（APO）相关显著。序列中的干旱事件发生时间与陕西、甘肃、宁夏等地的干旱出现较为一致。 空间相关分析结果显示,重建序列和观测序列分别与CRU TS3.10.01 降水序列相关显著且表现出 相似的空间相关模式,表明神农山降水重建序列较为可靠,在一定程度上能代表更大空间范围 的降水变化。功率谱分析表明,降水重建序列存在2.69 年,2.47 年,2.06 年的准周期,暗示研 究区降水变化可能受到与海陆耦合相关的准两年波动和ENSO 的影响。     

威远江自然保护区思茅松种群的林窗更新研究

在野外考察的基础上,运用径级结构、高度结构的方法对思茅松种群的林窗更新进行研究,研究结果表明：思茅松纯林的林窗更新与灌草层盖度,尤其是草本层盖度密切相关。灌木层盖度的大小影响幼苗的存活,灌木层盖度小,幼苗存活率高。草本层盖度的大小影响种子的萌发,草本层盖度小,种子萌发率高。在针阔混交林林窗中,当常绿阔叶树稀少或土层浅薄时,思茅松更新个体年龄差异大,当常绿阔叶树长势好且密度较大时,思茅松更新个体年龄普遍差异较小。     

Specific Features of Root System Structure in Pinus sylvestrisL. and Larix sukaczewiiDyl. under Conditions of the Ufa Industrial Center

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

太行山油松人工林土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性及其演变机制

土壤水稳性团聚体是反映土壤质量好坏与土壤抗侵蚀能力的重要指标.通过野外调查与室内分析,研究太行山南麓不同恢复年限（33、45和49 a）油松人工林土壤水稳性团聚体的稳定性状况及其影响因素.结果表明:不同恢复年限油松人工林土壤水稳性团聚体均以大团聚体（>0.25 mm）为主,大团聚体含量在80%以上,但恢复49 a油松人工林土壤水稳性大团聚体含量在0~50 cm各土层中均低于恢复33 a油松人工林,且在10~40 cm土层差异显著.随着油松人工林的逐步恢复,>2 mm粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体含量下降,土壤水稳性团聚体分形维数（D）、破坏率（PAD）波动增加,平均质量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）在0~40 cm深度范围内明显减小,2 mm粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体可以作为油松人工林土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性的重要度量阈值.土壤黏粒会促使小粒级土壤水稳性团聚体的形成,而有机质、速效磷、速效钾、砂粒等能够促进小粒级土壤水稳性团聚体向大粒级转化,从而提高土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性.研究显示,油松人工林恢复过程中土壤团聚状态良好、稳定性强、分散性弱,但恢复到一定阶段会引起土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性降低,这与土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾以及机械组成变化等有直接关系.