Simulating study on the effect of acid precipitation on forest soil weathering

The effect of acid rain on the forest soils in China was discussed on the basis of simulating studies. The soils were collected from five typical areas, including Chongqing in Sichuan Province and Guiyang in Guizhou Province, where there has been heavier acid rain in southwest China, and Huitong in Hunan Province, Zhouzhi in Shaanxi Province, and Xinglong in Hebei Province, all of which were selected as control. Field investigation and sampling were made in the typical forests in all the above five areas. The relationship between pH values in precipitation and rates of soil weathering, the difference between the rates of soil weathering in different areas, and the cause of such a difference, have been worked out. The prediction was also conducted on the supply dynamics of nutrient and toxic elements in various forest ecosystems which were affected by acid deposition in order to understand the long-term effects of acid precipitation on the forest ecosystems studied.     

会同森林生态实验站磨哨林场森林碳密度及分配特征

我国具有全世界最大面积的人工林,在全球气候变暖的大背景下,人工林的固碳能力越来越引起关注。研究选择具有长期观测数据的会同森林生态实验站磨哨林场作为研究区,对比分析了9种不同森林类型生态系统各组分（乔木层、林下植被层、凋落物层、土壤层）碳密度及分配特征（人工林8种,林龄范围为25~32 a：杉木林、马尾松林、湿地松林、杉木+樟树林、杉木+火力楠林、马尾松+木荷林、木荷林、火力楠林;天然林1种,平均林龄为63 a：红栲+青冈+刨花润楠林）。结果表明：1）磨哨林场生态系统碳密度平均为261.61 t/hm²,固碳能力较高,其中,马尾松+木荷林以及杉木+火力楠林两种人工混交林的生态系统碳密度最高,天然林位于第5位;2）乔木层和土壤层是磨哨林场森林生态系统碳密度的主体,占98.23%,林下植被层和凋落物层对整个生态系统碳密度贡献较小;3）乔木层中树干部分的碳密度占绝对优势,其次为根和枝,皮最小;土壤层碳密度及分配比例随深度增加而降低,0~20 cm碳密度占整个土壤层比例最高。     

模拟酸雨对北亚热带天然次生林土壤呼吸的影响

于2009年3月～2010年1月在南京市郊龙王山北亚热带天然次生林进行模拟酸雨试验,以便携式土壤CO2通量观测仪对不同酸雨强度处理下的林地土壤呼吸速率进行原位测定,研究酸雨对森林土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,在本试验阶段,4个酸雨强度处理CK(pH值6.4,去离子水)、T1(pH值4.5)、T2(pH值3.5)、T3(pH值2.5)的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为(3.20±0.21)、(3.34±0.30)、(3.51±0.06)、(2.99± 0.23)μmol/(m2·s),酸雨各处理的土壤呼吸季节变化规律显著.由于森林植被生长期季节变化明显,将其分为非生长季1(2~4月)、生长季(5~10月)、非生长季2(11月~次年1月)3个阶段.配对t检验分析各阶段土壤呼吸速率的结果表明,在非生长季1,模拟酸雨未抑制土壤呼吸作用,T1和T2酸雨处理反而促进了土壤呼吸作用;在生长季,高强度模拟酸雨T3显著抑制了土壤呼吸作用;在非生长季2,也出现了模拟酸雨促进土壤呼吸作用的现象;对于整个观测阶段而言,低强度模拟酸雨处理未显著改变北亚热带天然次生林的土壤呼吸,仅高强度模拟酸雨T3显著抑制了土壤呼吸作用.不同酸雨强度处理下的土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的指数回归关系均达显著水平(P<0.01),CK、T1、T2、T3处理的Q10值分别为3.04,2.73,2.83,2.51,模拟酸雨处理降低了北亚热带天然次生林土壤呼吸的温度敏感性.     

模拟酸雨对毛竹阔叶林过渡带土壤真菌结构及其多样性的影响

为探究酸雨对毛竹扩张形成的竹阔混交林土壤真菌群落的影响程度,于2017～2018年在浙江省杭州临安天目山国家级自然保护区开展酸雨模拟实验,选取T1(pH=4.0)和T2(pH=2.5)两个模拟酸雨梯度,并以CK(pH=5.5)对照,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析不同强度酸雨胁迫下,土壤真菌群落多样性变化及影响因素.结果表明与对照相比,T1处理显著提高了真菌群落的OTU数量、Chao1指数和Ace指数(P0.05).竹阔混交林土壤主要由13个门类群的菌群组成,优势菌群包括子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)和毛霉门(Mucoromycota).主坐标(PCoA)分析和相似性检验结果表明模拟酸雨改变了土壤真菌结构.Bifiguratu属、Geminibasidium属、Purpureocillium属和Oidiodendron属相对丰度变化显著,可作为酸雨胁迫下土壤真菌群落结构变化的指示种.冗余分析(RDA)和相关性分析表明,土壤pH和全氮对土壤真菌群落结构影响显著(P0.05).综上所述,酸雨提高了真菌群落多样性指数,改变土壤真菌群落结构.该研究结果有助于了解森林生态系统中的真菌群落,以及土壤真菌作为影响因子在预测环境变异中的作用.     

模拟酸雨对马尾松和杉木幼树的影响

本实验模拟酸雨pH值为6.63(对照),4.5,3.0和2.0。实验结果表明,杉木针叶汁液pH值和土壤pH值随模拟酸雨pH值下降而降低,土壤比叶汁液更容易被酸化,也更难恢复。模拟酸雨对马尾松和杉木单位叶干重净光合速率影响不显著,最高酸度的模拟酸雨由于减少光合组织而显著降低单株净光合速率。模拟酸雨显著增大了马尾松和杉木呼吸速率。模拟酸雨对茎生物量没有影响,主根和叶生物量有减少的趋势,但不显著,须根生物量有显著减少,模拟酸雨抑制植物生长的机制是增大呼吸速率使物质消耗增加和减少光合组织,导致物质生产减少。     

Relative sensitivities of woody plants to acid deposition in south areas of China

Relative sensitivities of 30 species of common woody plants to simulated acid rain with pH values of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.5 and control were studied. The results showed that 6 species of these plants were sensitive to simulated acid rain. The moderate included 18 species. The resistant included 6. Relative sensitivities to ambient acid rain and air pollutants and visible injury degree of 30 species of common woody plants in Chongqing City were investigated. Results showed that 6 species with foliage lesion rate at above 10 percent were sensitive, that 6 species with no lesion were resistant and that other 18 species with lesion at 10 percent below were moderate. Other 7 cities (Guiyang, Zunyi, Duyun, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Liuzhou and Guilin City) were also investigated and results were consistent with those of Chongqing City. The experimental and investigated results showed relative sensitivities and visible injury degree of woody plants to simulated acid rain were consistent with those of the woody plant     

中国西南喀斯特森林土壤有机碳空间变化及影响因素

喀斯特地区土壤碳储量及其影响因素的认识是评估我国陆地土壤生态系统碳汇能力不可或缺的内容。本文通过对中国西南北起秦岭北坡南至中越边境一条剖面上土壤有机碳的分析,研究了喀斯特森林0~10cm土壤有机碳空间变化及其控制因素。研究发现西南地区土壤有机碳含量和碳密度平均为32.3 g/kg和33.1t/hm2。无论是在整个西南区还是其省市范围内,二者均低于非喀斯特森林土壤。通径分析表明,影响喀斯特表层土壤碳含量和密度的主要因素有土壤容重、地形海拔和有机质C/N;粘粒含量和年平均气温的影响很小,而降水量仅在地处最北部的陕西省构成了土壤碳密度的影响因素。此现象与世界许多地区特别是高纬度地区形成鲜明对比。本研究结果表明,不同区域/气候带土壤碳库的主要影响因素会存在很大差异,这对认识气候变化背景下土壤碳库的反馈作用具有重要意义。     

Effects of simulated acid rain on saplings of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata

The effects of simulated acid rain with pH values of 6.63 (control, 4.5, 3.0, and 2.0 on saplings of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolate, were studied. The results showed that the pH of C.lanceolate, leaf sap and soil decreased as the acidity of rainfall increased. The acid rain with very low pH had significant effects on the photosynthetic rates per plant, but not on that of the per unit weight of dry leaves. The respiration rates of the two species were stimulated. Root and leaf boimass, but not stem biomass, were also reduced tremendously during a seven months period.     

Energy of forest systems in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area

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树冠及叶凋落物对模拟酸雨缓冲能力的初探

用模拟试验的方法,对树冠、叶凋落物和鲜树叶缓冲酸雨的能力进行研究。结果表明,阔叶树比针叶树缓冲能力大;树叶汁液pH高的比低的缓冲能力大;阔叶树面积的大小,与缓冲能力成正比;针叶则相反。在pH2.0、3.0的处理中,它们的缓冲能力排序为:叶凋落物>鲜树叶>树冠。在pH4.5时,则是叶凋落物>树冠>鲜树叶。     

酸雨,水体酸化及其对水生生物的影响

我国酸雨南重北轻，呈区域分布和硫酸型特征。川、黔、湘、赣、桂和粤等省、区的局部地带酸雨ｐＨ低于４．５，接近国外重酸雨水平。重庆市郊（缙云山、南山）已发现酸化水体和酸敏感水体。酸化对各营养级水生生物的生长繁殖、生物多样性和水体生产力造成危害，破坏水体的生态平衡。如果燃煤的脱硫防尘等环保措施不力，我国酸雨与水体酸化的发展趋势十分严峻。     

模拟酸雨和Pb复合污染对芥菜型油菜的生理特性和Pb富集的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了模拟酸雨（pH分别为3.5、4.5、5.6）和Pb(0~2000 mg·kg-1）复合污染对芥菜型油菜紫叶芥的生理特性和Pb富集的影响.结果表明,在酸雨和Pb复合污染下,紫叶芥生物量和叶绿素含量均有不同程度的下降,叶和根中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性随着Pb含量和酸雨强度的增加是先升后降,脯氨酸含量随着Pb含量和酸雨强度的增加而升高.芥菜型油菜以通过调节抗氧化酶系统和提高脯氨酸含量来应对酸雨和重金属胁迫,芥菜型油菜对酸雨和Pb的复合污染有很强的耐受能力.芥菜型油菜根和地上部分Pb含量随Pb处理含量水平的增大而增加,其中,根对Pb的富集能力大于地上部分,酸雨能够促进芥菜型油菜对Pb的吸收.因此,在酸雨地区可以选用芥菜型油菜作为Pb污染土壤的修复植物.     

普定喀斯特石漠化地区森林植被恢复示范研究

在中国西南喀斯特地区,由于石漠化发生与扩展,生态环境恶化。为了更好地恢复森林植被,改善生态环境,本文针对普定的区域特点、自然背景及石漠化现状,提出了普定石漠化区的植被恢复原则和方法,在总结树种选择、造林技术、森林恢复模式及巩固造林成果已有经验的基础上,以普定6个村的森林恢复工程为典型案例,提出了普定石漠化治理过程中的具体物种选择及植被恢复模式的具体对策,包括穴状整地技术、容器苗技术、局部客土技术、明坑大穴嫁接技术、乡土树种混交等技术等。     

重庆南山酸雨与马尾松衰亡的关系

1985—1986年对重庆南山马尾松林衰亡与酸雨的关系进行了研究。四个月的雨水监测表明南山酸雨况情严重。酸雨频率百分之百,平均pH4.2—4.4,最低pH3.6—4.0。土壤酸化程度较重(pH3.7—4.0)。土壤酸化的主要原因是酸雨的输入。濒死树针叶中锰和钴元素大为减少,与土壤中这两种元素的减少相对应。濒死树针叶中铝大量积累,土壤中活性铝增多和铝钙比增大。初步肯定酸雨是南山马尾松衰亡的重要原因之一。     

酸沉降——森林冠层反应模型

建立了酸沉降—冠层反应模型,并计算冠层穿落水的化学特征。用广西马尾松和火力楠人工林一周年观测数据对模型进行初步检验.结果表明,模型与观测结果基本吻合,实测和模拟的穿落水量及各项离子的相对误差都在±7％之内,马尾松冠层过程强烈地受大气干沉降控制,穿落水加权pH值比同期降雨低0.61单位,火力楠受干沉降影响小,穿落水pH比降雨高0.28.参与冠层反应的各离子的主要来源不尽相同.     

Metal pollution in relation to mass outbreaks of Dendrolimus punctatus Walker on Pinus massoniana Lamb. in China

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中国降水酸度和离子浓度的时空分布

1991～1995年在全国进行了酸雨观测,建立了覆盖全国的具有区域代表性的酸沉降监测网,含271个测站?降水的pH值和电导率在现场采样后立即测量,降水样品的化学分析则在实验室里进行?主要离子SO2-₄,NO-₃,NH+₄,Ca2+浓度的加权均值分别为125.86,19.96,67.89和80.41μeq/L?由离子浓度地理分布图看出,这些离子浓度地理分布状况因离子而异?值得注意的是降水中SO2-₄和NO-₃浓度,北方非酸雨区甚高于南方酸雨区,这说明降水的酸度并不简单地决定于降水中SO2-₄和NO-₃的绝对浓度,而决定于这些离子对于Ca2+和NH+₄的相对浓度?发现了降水年均pH值低至4的一些地区,此值可能是目前世界年降水酸性最强的地区?文中还对代表性地区1986～1993年降水化学特征进行了分析,结果表明降水的酸度仍在升高?      

Acid deposition and its effects in China: an overview

Acid rain is an increasing environmental problem in China. At present SO₂ emission is about 20–22 million tons. However with a growing number of large power plants the long-range transport of air pollutants is expected to increase. The highest acid deposition is near the emission sources. Wind-blown, alkaline soil dust is important in neutralizing the acidity of the emissions, especially in large parts of northern China. In the south, where alkaline soil dust contributes less to acid neutralization, the annual pH in precipitation was below 4.5 at monitoring stations in several provinces and as low as 4.1 in some urban areas. Total sulfur deposition has been estimated to be about 10 g S m−² year⁻¹ in heavily exposed areas. Negative effects on forests, including die-back, have been reported for relatively small areas near large cities. Since large, regional surveys have not been carried out, there are large uncertainties about effects on a regional level. The high concentrations of gaseous pollutants, especially within and near the cities, are likely to have severe effects on human health as well as on materials and vegetation. Several field and laboratory studies, as well as computer simulations, indicate that acidification of soil and soil water has occurred in the past few decades. This has probably caused elevated concentrations of toxic aluminum in soil water. At present, the toxic effect of Al is likely to be counteracted by high concentrations of calcium at many places. The Chinese authorities have recognized air pollution and acid rain as serious environmental problems, however, there are difficulties in implementing effective measures to reduce the problems. With respect to ecological effects we lack a comprehensive regional overview of the extent of the acid deposition problem in China. Such information is necessary before effective countermeasures can be developed.     

我国夏季森林火灾危害特征分析

根据我国1999—2008年的森林火灾统计资料,从过火面积、受害森林面积、烧毁成林林木蓄积量和幼林株数等4个方面,对我国夏季森林火灾的危害特征进行了研究。结果表明：我国夏季森林火灾在4个方面的年变化均呈现明显增长的趋势;月变化则表现出各自不同的特点。建议各地结合夏季森林火灾在4个方面所表现出来的特征,采取针对性的预防措施,减轻夏季森林火灾造成的危害。