生物炭对Pseudomonas flava WD-3的固定化及其强化人工湿地污水处理研究

为确保寒冷地区冬季人工湿地的污水处理效果,采用从南四湖人工湿地底泥中分离纯化得到的一株低温菌Pseudomonas flava WD-3为研究对象,以水稻秸秆在300、500和700℃下炭化得到的生物活性炭为吸附载体,在6~8℃低温条件下,通过重复试验探索生物炭对微生物吸附固定的最佳时间及对污水的去除效率,并将最优的生物炭固定化菌剂投入到人工湿地中,探究菌剂投加量对污水处理效果的影响.结果表明,水稻秸秆生物炭最佳热解温度为700℃,对Pseudomonas flava WD-3的吸附固定化时间为24 h.生物炭固定化Pseudomonas flava WD-3在冬季人工湿地的最佳投加量为0.042 g·L~(-1),其对污水中COD、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除效率有明显的提高,分别为游离菌处理效果的1.03、1.15、1.14倍,且去除性能稳定.生物炭固定化Pseudomonas flava WD-3对污水中COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型.     

Pseudomonas putida MnB1氧化Mn2+实验研究

Pseudomonas putida MnB1是存在于淡水和土壤中的锰氧化细菌。本文在中性条件下对MnB1锰氧化特性及锰氧化产物进行了研究。XANES结果显示,MnB1可将溶液中Mn(Ⅱ)氧化并形成Mn(Ⅳ)的锰氧化物;XRD结果进一步证实锰氧化物为δ-MnO2。MnB1的锰氧化性能受重金属离子的影响,其中Cd2+影响最大、Cu2+影响最小。在4μM Cd2+、6μM Pb2+、200μM Cu2+和20μmol/L Ni 2+的体系中,锰氧化速率和氧化量均有所降低,锰氧化量由208.5μM分别降至20.3μM、192.5μM、129.5μM和52.7μM。     

二株产壳聚糖酶海洋微生物的筛选和鉴定

采用不同培养基对海水养殖场环境样品进行壳聚糖酶产生菌的分离,结果表明海水培养基对于菌株筛选有显著的促进作用,同时甲壳类外壳是壳聚糖酶产生菌的良好来源。KJT-A和KJT-D是从海水养殖场蟹壳表面分离到的两株壳聚糖酶产生菌株,结合形态学观察、生理生化反应和分子生物学鉴定,初步确定菌株KJT-A和KJT-D分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudo-monas)和青霉属(Penicillium)。同时分析了不同温度、盐度对两株菌株生长的影响。     

共存碳源对施氏假单胞菌N2裂解苯酚的作用

研究了共存碳源对施氏假单胞菌N2在降解苯酚过程中积累2-羟基黏糠酸半醛(2-HMS)的影响,并用紫外光谱和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对N2菌的生长过程进行了检测.结果表明,与单一碳源苯酚相比,N2菌在共存碳源甲醇、乙醇、丙酮存在的体系中生长快,且11h内,苯酚同步降解率分别提高了4.5％、18.5％、16.6％,同时培养液中2-HMS积累量均达到最大.N2菌代谢苯酚可通过羧化反应产生对羟基苯甲酸,也可通过羟化反应产生邻苯二酚,后者通过间位开环裂解生成2-HMS,而甲醇、乙醇、丙酮与苯酚共存时,更易采用后一种代谢途径.     

有机碳源对铜绿假单胞菌还原Cr（Ⅵ）的影响

采用批式实验,研究了2种有机碳源苹果酸和葡萄糖对铜绿假单胞菌还原Cr（Ⅵ）效果的影响,并从pH、氧化还原电位和细胞生长量等方面对2种有机碳源的影响差异及其原因进行了分析、探讨。结果表明,葡萄糖和苹果酸均能促进菌株对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原,苹果酸的促进作用比葡萄糖更加显著,加入葡萄糖和苹果酸时Cr（Ⅵ）还原率分别提高了16.34%和25.72%。加入苹果酸时的细胞生长量明显高于加入葡萄糖时的细胞生长量。添加葡萄糖时还原过程中培养基pH值下降,氧化还原电位上升,而添加苹果酸其变化趋势相反。添加了葡萄糖的培养基代谢液（无菌体细胞）对Cr（Ⅵ）具有较好的还原作用,但添加了苹果酸的培养基代谢液（无菌体细胞）不能还原Cr（Ⅵ）。     

热带地区石油污染土壤中降解菌的筛选

通过对海南省儋州地区6个采集点的石油污染土壤样品的富集、分离、筛选,得到7株以石油烃为唯一生长碳源的细菌菌株.对其石油降解能力进行研究,结果表明,所有菌株均具有一定的石油降解能力.其中,s1、s4、s5、s6和s7菌株在筛选培养基中的石油降解率分别达到21.7%、93.0%、21.5%、25.0%和41.8%; 在土壤中的石油降解率分别为26.3%、39.1%、25.3%、31.4%和36.7%.对菌株形态和生理生化特性进行初步鉴定,s1菌株为柄杆菌属(Caulobacter); s4、s7菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas); s5、s6菌株为微球菌属(Micrococcus spp.).     

Removal of Aldrin,Dieldrin, Heptachlor,and Heptachlor Epoxide Using Activated Carbon and/or Pseudomonas fluorescens Free Cell Cultures

Degradation of aldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5-8-dimethanonaphthalene), heptachlor (1H-1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano indene), dieldrin (1aα,2β,2aα,3β,6β,6aα,7β,7aα)-3,4,5,6,9,9-Hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-2,7:3,6-d-methanonaphtha[2,3-b]oxirene, and heptachlor epoxide (1aα, 1bβ,2α,5α,5αβ,6β,6aα-2,3,4,5,6,7,7-Heptachloro-1a,1b,5,5a,6,6a-hexahydro-2,5-methano-2H-inden[1,2-b]-oxirene) was tested using free cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens under controlled conditions. Pesticide concentrations were monitored by gas chromatography during 120 h. Percentages of degradation and biodegradation rates (BDR) were calculated. Data showed a trend suggesting a relation between chemical structure and degradability. Degradation kinetics for each pesticide tested showed that the highest degradation rates were found in the first 24 h. Kinetics data were adjusted to an empirical equation in order to predict their behavior, and the correlation coefficients obtained were satisfactory. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the final extracts allowed the identification of chlordene and monodechlorodieldrin, which have been reported as final metabolite produced in the biodegradation of this kind of compounds. Regarding adsorption of pesticides on activated vegetal carbon, we concluded that removal efficiencies between 95.45 and 97.18% can be reached, depending on the pesticide and the carbon dose applied. The values for K from the Freundlich equation were quite similar for the four pesticides (between 1.0001 and 1.04), whereas the n values were quite different for each pesticide in the following order of affinity: dieldrin > aldrin > heptachlor epoxide > heptachlor. Equilibrium times, very important for scaling up the process, were between 43 min and 1 h, for the heptachlor epoxide and the heptachlor, respectively.     

铜绿假单胞菌NY3所产表面活性剂对原油降解的影响

铜绿假单胞菌NY3是从石油污染土壤中分离出的一株能快速代谢疏水性化合物的菌种。研究了该菌产表面活性剂及对原油降解的作用。实验表明,在敞开体系中,投加82 mg/L NY3菌产的鼠李糖脂,240 h能使NY3对原油的降解率提高50%。投加甘油使NY3产鼠李糖脂与降解原油同步进行,与投加鼠李糖脂对原油降解的促进作用相近。投加9‰甘油使NY3在168 h对原油的降解率提高43%。NY3菌能同时降解原油中的直链烷烃及菲(Pr)和芘(Ph)等多环芳烃。在敞开体系中用少量甘油使产鼠李糖脂和降解原油同步进行,节约处理费用。研究结果为NY3菌株在露天石油污染环境修复中的应用奠定了基础。     

一株反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及脱氮能力

本研究从水产养殖环境中分离出39株反硝化细菌，并从中筛选出具有较强反硝化能力的菌株DB-33，对其脱氮能力测定的结果表明，在培养基中亚硝酸盐氮浓度高达54．16mg／L，硝酸盐氮浓度高达306．91mg／L时，DB-33菌株对其去除率均达99％以上，且在去除过程中氨氮不累积；在模拟养殖水体中，DB-33可将亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮分别在24h和第3天彻底去除，对氨氮48h的去除率也可达51．52％。通过形态学特性和生理生化分析以及16SrDNA基因序列分析，菌株DB-33初步鉴定为施氏假单胞菌（Pseudomonasstutzeri）。     

Chlorinated Pesticides (2,4-D and DDT) Biodegradation at High Concentrations Using Immobilized Pseudomonas Fluorescens

Abstract

Degradation of two chlorinated pesticides (2,4-D and DDT) using a 54-mL glass column packed with tezontle (a low-cost basaltic scoria) was tested. Bacteria were cultured in YPG (yeast, peptone, and glucose) liquid medium at 32°C. The rich medium was pumped during 24 h through the column to inoculate it. Later, the wasted medium was discharged and the pesticide added. Optical densities, TOC, and pesticide concentration were determined. Pesticide removals for 2,4-D (with initial concentration between 100 and 500 mg/L) were about 99%. DDT removal (at initial concentration of up to 150 mg/L) was as high as 55–99%. TOC removals for 2,4-D was in the 36-87% interval, whereas for DDT they were as high as 36–78%.