连环湖牙门气泡沉积物重金属演化和污染研究

2010年8月在牙门气泡的湖心位置采集了柱状沉积岩心.采用HNO3-HClO4-HF联合消解并运用ICP-MS测试了柱状沉积岩心中金属元素Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Fe、Pb、Zn、Cd、Al、Ba、Ca、K、Li、Mg、Na和Sr的含量,结合沉积岩心年代测定,研究了该湖区沉积物重金属元素演化特征及污染历史.应用富集系数法探讨了湖泊重金属的污染特征.结果表明,1950年以前各元素含量变化趋势平稳,1950～1990年间波动较大,1990年以后金属元素Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb、Fe、Ni、Cr、Cu、Ca、Li和Sr浓度明显增加.牙门气泡重金属元素Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb存在轻微污染,而Ni、Cr和Cu无污染.     

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation

The understanding of organic phosphorus(P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level,but such information in sediment profiles is scarce.A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu(China),and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(31 P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA(NaOH-EDTA) solution.The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate,orthophosphate monoesters,phospholipids,DNA,and pyrophosphate.Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years,following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids DNA > pyrophosphate.Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P(NaOH-NRP HA),a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed.This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids,while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.     

五大连池药泉湖水质评价

采用主成分分析法在2010年平水期对五大连池药泉湖6个采样点的8个水质指标进行分析,同时研究药泉湖水体污染的空间分布特征。结果表明:高锰酸盐指数是影响药泉湖水质的首要因子,即有机污染对水体污染的贡献最大;瀑布出水口采样点污染最严重,该出水口为药泉湖观光景区入口,因此要密切关注药泉湖人为点源污染,加大景区环境管制力度。     

青藏高原北部库赛湖沉积柱中长链烯酮的分布特征及古环境意义

长链烯酮不饱和度指标U37K或U37K′已被广泛应用于古海洋表层水温的重建,但用于恢复湖泊古温度的研究则相对很少。本文以青藏高原北部咸水湖泊库赛湖作为研究对象,对湖心一个5m沉积柱中的长链烯酮进行了测定分析,并通过分子生物学手段确定了其母源。结果表明该沉积柱的大部分层位存在长链烯酮,其C37/C38<1;DNA测序结果表明库赛湖中的定鞭藻为Isochrysis属,为长链烯酮的母源。根据已发表文献中的湖泊环境中长链烯酮不饱和度指标U37K与温度的经验公式估算出的古湖水温度接近于实测的现代夏季水温,且与甘油二烷基甘油四醚(Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers,GDGT)重建的库赛湖古湖水温度范围基本一致。但是,用长链烯酮恢复的古湖水温度总体上稍高于由GDGT计算出的温度且波动更为强烈,这可能与这两种脂类的母源生物在湖中的栖息层位不同有关。     

镜泊湖水质分析及水质预测研究

湖泊蓄水是中国重要的淡水资源之一,是人民生活不可缺少的宝贵资源。近年来,湖泊污染致使湖泊水质恶化、水体鱼类种类下降,对湖泊区域经济发展造成了威胁,尤其严重阻碍了旅游业的发展。本文通过对镜泊湖水环境现状分析以及时水质进行预测、评价,分析镜泊湖水污染特征,并为解决镜泊湖水环境问题提供依据。     

滆湖富营养化进程及其综合整治对策研究

在2010年全年涡湖富营养化现状调查基础上,评价了涡湖营养程度,并分析了20年来（1986年-2006年）总氮TN、总磷TP、氮磷比TN／TP和CODMn的发展趋势。结果表明,按照综合营养状态指数法,目前涡湖呈轻度富营养化,且有进一步恶化的趋势。20年来TN,TP和CODMn有较大增长,氮磷比下降。由此,提出了漏湖富营养化综合防治的建议措施,包括污染源控制、围网养殖调整、清淤工程和沉水植被恢复工程。     

阳澄湖蓝藻综合监测监控模式研究

以昆山为例,从监测点集成范围的选择、数据采集模式研究、数据传输模式研究、数据集成标准研究、数据应用展示样机等方面,对阳澄湖蓝藻综合监测监控模式进行研究,应用3G、物联网、云推送等新技术;制定《昆山市环境质量自动监测数据集成标准模式》和《昆山市环境质量自动监控通讯传输技术规范》;探索一条湖泊蓝藻综合监测监控的新思路和新模式。     

大纵湖水环境污染分析及防治对策研究

大纵湖是江苏省里下河地区的重要湖泊之一,该文介绍了大纵湖自然概况,分析了大纵湖污染现状,如对水环境状况,出、入湖河流水质状况,底泥污染状况以及污染源状况进行了分析,并剖析了大纵湖水环境和污染源特征。针对存在的氮磷超标导致湖体富营养化、生态退化以及入境客水污染等主要环境问题,提出了控制污染物排放总量、修复湖泊生态、治理客水和强化水质监控等措施,为有效地改善大纵湖水环境质量,遏制湖泊富营养化趋势提供科学支撑。     

太湖流域某市农村生活污水处理工艺的比较研究

农村生活污水处理是中国“十二五”期间农村环境保护工作的重要内容。对太湖流域某市近年来所采用的5种农村生活污水处理工艺的原理进行了分析,对其运行状况进行了长达一年的跟踪监测,就其投资、建设与运行成本和处理效果进行了比较和总结。其中工艺三处理效果最好,但是投资和运行维护费用也相对最高,工艺四虽然具有投资和运行维护方面的优势,但是处理效果较差,工艺一和工艺二具有投资相对较低,运行维护相对简单,处理效果能够满足要求,是比较适合的农村生活污水处理选择。