基于31P-NMR与SMT方法的海河流域典型河流沉积物中磷形态特征研究

利用液相~(31)P核磁共振分析方法和SMT分级方法,对比研究了海河流域典型人工河流子牙新河和滏阳新河、自然河流子牙河表层沉积物中磷形态.结果发现,两条河流沉积物中TC、TN、TP含量均很高,且相关性显著,污染较重且具有同源性.沉积物中总磷在568.2~9171.9mg·kg-1之间,其中以HCl-P为主,占总磷的25.5%~81.8%之间,其次为NaOH-P,所占比例为9.3%~55.5%.使用~(31)P-NMR技术在沉积物中共检测到7类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)、膦酸盐(Phon-P)及多聚磷酸盐(Poly-P).Ortho-P和Mono-P分别为总磷和有机磷的主要组成成分,含量分别在113.8~6226.1 mg·kg~(-1_和27.0~1991.9 mg·kg~(-1)之间.子牙河、子牙新河和滏阳新河两条河流在沉积物磷组成方面存在很大的差异子牙新河和滏阳新河沉积物中总磷明显高于子牙河.     

基于液相31P核磁共振(NMR)技术的巢湖沉积物中有机磷形态研究

利用改进的沉积物有机磷提取方法和液相31P核磁共振(NMR)分析方法,研究了巢湖表层沉积物有机磷形态.结果表明:西部湖区表层沉积物总磷含量高于东部湖区,其平均含量分别为(1089.82±108.14) mg·kg-1和(497.80±51.59) mg·kg-1;东部湖区沉积物中有机磷百分含量(31.88％±2.41％)高于西部湖区(20.86％±1.65％);表层沉积物主要磷份组成包括膦酸盐(Phon-P)、正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P);磷酸单酯为有机磷的主要组分,平均含量占总磷的22.12％±5.32％;磷酸单酯和DNA百分含量东部湖区大于西部湖区,磷酸单酯百分含量分别为25.99％±2.29％和16.30％±1.06％,DNA百分含量分别为5.61％±0.24％和3.85％±1.01％.31P核磁共振技术可以有效的应用于巢湖等富营养化湖泊沉积物磷形态分析;巢湖表层沉积物以无机磷为主,有机磷种类丰富,以磷酸单酯为主.     

环渤海滨海湿地土壤磷形态特征研究

利用SMT分级方法和液相31P核磁共振分析方法,研究了环渤海典型滨海湿地表层土壤磷形态.结果发现,湿地土壤中总磷在410.35~691.57 mg·kg-1之间,其中以HCl-P为主,占总磷的46.67%~82.95%;较易释放的Na OH-P含量较少,占4.98%~22.31%;同时,由于有机质含量丰富,有机磷含量也较高,在受水产养殖污染的湿地中,有机磷含量明显偏高.使用31P-NMR技术在湿地土壤中共检测到6类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)及膦酸盐(Phon-P),其中以正磷酸盐为主,含量在181.69~350.64 mg·kg-1之间;磷酸单酯为有机磷的主要组分,占总量的5.25%~37.17%.渤海湾南部湿地土壤中有机磷含量明显高于北部湿地,以稳定性较高的磷酸单酯为主,同时,DNA磷较多地存在于南部湿地,北部湿地含量极少,说明南部湿地微生物活性较高.     

河流沉积物中有机磷提取剂(NaOH-EDTA)提取比例与机制研究

选择海河流域高磷污染河流滏阳新河沉积物为研究对象,利用液相31P核磁共振(31P-NMR)技术优化了沉积物中有机磷提取剂NaOH和EDTA的配比,探讨了提取剂对总磷(TP)、有机磷(P o)及金属离子的提取机制.结果表明,不同配比的NaOH和EDTA提取液提取同一沉积物,所提取的TP和P o的量差异较大,但P o的提取量均高于NaOH单独提取,主要原因为EDTA与Fe、Al等离子的结合促进了无机磷(P i)和P o的释放;TP在1.00 mol·L-1NaOH+75 mmol·L-1EDTA配比的提取液中获得最大提取量,为3.88 mg·g-1,P o在0.25 mol·L-1NaOH+50 mmol·L-1EDTA配比的提取液中提取量最大,为0.24mg·g-1;相同浓度NaOH提取液中金属离子Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg、Al提取量随EDTA浓度增大呈升高趋势,主要是通过螯合作用、金属离子与OH-形成化合物实现.其中,Fe、Mn、Ca提取浓度与提取液pH呈显著负相关(P<0.01),说明其与OH-形成沉淀化合物;Al离子由于既可以与OH-生成可溶性的偏铝酸盐又可以被EDTA螯合形成可溶性络合物,因此其浓度随提取液pH升高呈指数增长趋势(P<0.01);NaOH与EDTA混合提取剂核磁共振图谱优于NaOH提取液,在本研究中均可以检测到膦酸盐、正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、磷脂、DNA和焦磷酸盐.综合考虑:对北方河流富含Fe和Al的河流沉积物,0.25mol·L-1NaOH与50 mmol·L-1EDTA可以作为理想的沉积物有机磷提取剂.     

基于液相31P核磁共振技术的人工河流沉积物中生物质磷形态特征的研究

利用液相~(31)P核磁共振技术分析了我国北部海河流域典型人工河流滏阳新河沉积物磷形态.结果发现,滏阳新河沉积物中共检测出6类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷酯(Lipids-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)、膦酸盐(Phon-P).滏阳新河沉积物中的生物质磷包括膦酸盐(Phon-P,0.11%~1.57%)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P,8.96%~29.58%)、磷酯(Lipids-P,0.28%~2.66%)、DNA磷(DNA-P,0.75%~2.03%)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P,0.22%~0.86%),其中,磷酸单酯是生物质磷的主要组成部分.沿艾辛庄闸坝水流方向,磷化合物含量差异明显:闸坝附近TP和生物质磷含量最高,分别为6804.1 mg·kg~(-1)和1709.58 mg·kg~(-1);沿河流流向,TP变化率分别为84.97%、-24.11%、32.84%和-0.11%,生物质磷变化率分别为93.15%、-58.83%、42.65%和18.99%.上覆水中TP和SRP的平均浓度分别为3.0 mg·L~(-1)和2.6 mg·L~(-1),分别超过我国地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)V类水标准(0.4 mg·L~(-1))7.5倍和6.5倍.基于液相~(31)P核磁共振技术,对人工河流水体磷的分布与传输有了全新的认知.因此,本研究可为深入认识磷在典型人工河流沉积物-水体系中的转化提供支持,有助于深入研究典型人工河流磷生物地球化学循环过程,同时为多闸坝人工河流的水流量调度与水生态构建提供数据支持.     

富营养湖泊沉积物中磷组分对硫酸盐的响应

采用室内模拟实验于厌氧条件下持续6周,研究不同外源硫酸盐浓度下南湖沉积物和上覆水之间的硫酸盐转化及还原情况,采用31P核磁共振(31P-NMR)研究沉积物磷组分所受影响.结果表明,硫酸盐输入促进了上覆水中pH值的升高,而氧化还原电位则呈相反的变化趋势.上覆水中SO24-浓度随时间推移而降低,但间隙水中SO24-浓度的增加幅度并不与上覆水中降低幅度一致,表明沉积物中SO24-发生了转化.沉积物的硫酸盐还原指数随SO24-输入浓度的增大而增加,沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的数量在第2周达到峰值,输入硫酸盐的S500和S1000处理中SRB数量远远高于未加硫酸盐的对照(CK).利用31P-NMR测定了南湖沉积物NaOH-EDTA萃取物中各种磷化合物的相对含量,南湖沉积物中的磷组分主要有正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯和焦磷酸盐,且正磷酸盐含量占绝对优势(占总磷的84.10%～95.54%),沉积物中其它磷组分含量顺序为磷酸单酯>磷酸二酯>焦磷酸盐.从总趋势来看,硫酸盐促进了沉积物中正磷酸盐的释放,且在硫酸盐还原菌数量较高时使沉积物中磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯和焦磷酸盐含量增加.     

基于液相31P核磁共振技术的河流沉积物有机磷提取剂选择研究

以高磷污染河流沉积物为研究对象,利用液相31P核磁共振(31P-NMR)技术研究了沉积物中有机磷提取剂的选择和提取过程.结果表明:前提取以BD和EDTA效果最佳,TP和Po的提取量分别为(322.87±13.81)和(119.76±16.00)mg·kg-1、(24.91±15.25)和(20.90±2.58)mg·kg-1,2种提取剂均促进了NaOH的提取效率,前提取后NaOH提取液中TP和Po的提取量分别达到(2271.20±75.63)和(2477.40±112.71)mg·kg-1、(152.04±1.55)和(186.93±20.53)mg·kg-1;对顺磁性离子Fe和Mn而言,利用BD和EDTA+Na2S2O4作为前提取剂可以提取更多的Fe离子,提取液中的浓度分别为(5116.57±24.32)和(10677±215.61)mg·kg-1;EDTA和EDTA+Na2S2O4提取剂对Mn的去除效量较高,提取液中浓度分别为(243.02±2.80)和(266.61±1.61)mg·kg-1.液相31P-NMR图谱显示,上述提取剂处理后均可得到正磷酸盐、焦磷酸、磷酸单酯、磷脂和DNA 5种磷形态,其中EDTA可提高沉积物中正磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐、磷脂和DNA的含量.综合考虑:利用EDTA和NaOH两步提取可实现较高的Po提取量和较低的顺磁性离子干扰,并得到理想的核磁共振图谱,从而保证沉积物中有机磷液相31P-NMR分析的科学性和有效性.     

白洋淀沟壕系统水陆交错区生物质磷形态特征研究

利用液相³¹P核磁共振的分析方法,研究了白洋淀水陆交错区中生物质磷（Biogenic-P）的形态特征.结果表明：不同类型水陆交错区磷含量差异较大,水陆交错区中间土壤总磷（TP）含量最高,为1342.81~2444.90 mg·kg^-1;水陆交错区Biogenic-P含量为437.65~1309.20 mg·kg^-1,占TP含量的25.62%~60.26%;使用液相³¹P-NMR技术共检测到7类磷化合物,其中,Biogenic-P共计检测到6种,包括磷酸单酯（Mono-P）、DNA磷（DNA-P）、焦磷酸盐（Pyro-P）、磷脂（Lipids-P）、多聚磷酸盐（Poly-P）和膦酸盐（Phon-P）;水陆交错区Biogenic-P以Mono-P为主,含量为372.94~1086.96 mg·kg^-1,TP含量平均值是全国土壤磷含量平均值的3.41倍;水陆交错区界面土壤与中间土壤相较沉积物和边缘土壤Biogenic-P含量更高;从水陆交错区的中间土壤到沉积物,Biogenic-P含量变化趋势与总有机质（OM）含量变化趋势相反.基于液相³¹P核磁共振技术,本文对白洋淀沟壕系统水陆交错区中Biogenic-P形态特征与分布提出了新的认识,有助于深入理解水陆交错区磷的生物地球化学循环过程,为流域磷输入的控制提供理论支撑.     

Organic matter and pH affect the analysis efficiency of P-NMR

Solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (³¹P-NMR) is a useful method to analyze organic phosphorus (Po), but a general procedure for the analysis method is lacking. The authors used solution ³¹P-NMR, which was found to be an effective method for analysis of Po in Haihe River sediment, to analyze the Po in the surface sediment in Eastern China at the regional scale, and found that the NaOH-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extraction rate was affected by environmental factors. At the regional scale, the extraction rate showed a positive relationship with loss on ignition, when the extraction rate was lower than 60%. The extraction rate had no relationship with the loss on ignition when the extraction rate was higher than 60%. The extraction rate showed a negative relationship with pH, which means that the extraction rate was higher in acidic sediment and lower in alkaline sediment. The ratio of TC/TN (the ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen) was considered to represent the origin of organic matter in the sediment. The extraction rate was high when the TC/TN ratio was lower than 20, meanwhile the extraction rate decreased as the TC/TN ratio increased. The results show that the origin of organic matter in sediment significantly affects the NaOH-EDTA extraction rate. This study will give theoretical support for building an effective and general solution ³¹P-NMR analysis method.     

~(31)P-NMR分析湖泊植物和藻类有机磷方法优化及形态研究

应用不同的提取剂和固液比提取湖泊水生植物和藻类中的藻类有机磷(P_0),并进一步采用液态核磁共振(~(31)P-NMR)技术分析其组成特征.结果表明:采用0.5mol/L NaOH+25mmol/LEDTA提取剂,并控制固液比为1:60可获得最优的P_0提取效果;~(31)P-NMR分析测试过程中,设置延迟时间(D1)为5s,扫描分析时间为15h(约扫描24000次)可获得较好的谱图.通过以上实验方法,分析水生植物和藻类中磷均由正磷酸盐、单酯磷、二酯磷及焦磷酸盐组成,其中P_0可分别占总磷(TP)的34-21%~53.36%和31.27%~72.96%.单酯磷是水生植物和藻类P_0的主要组分,其平均含量可占P_0的92%和83%;二酯磷含量均较少,占TP的0~6.65%;藻类体内焦磷酸盐含量可达水生植物的35倍.     

太湖不同生态型湖区悬浮颗粒磷空间分布和降解速率

对太湖不同生态型湖区水体悬浮颗粒物含量,有机磷组成及降解特征进行分析,研究了富营养化湖泊颗粒磷性质及其对水体磷循环的影响.太湖颗粒P平均占水体TP浓度的75.86％;不同生态类型湖区间颗粒物性质差异明显,河口区和湖心区的颗粒物含量高于藻型湖区和草型湖区,但颗粒物有机质比例分布却相反.利用³¹P液相核磁共振法（³¹P-NMR）发现太湖悬浮颗粒P的成分包括膦酸酯,正磷酸盐,磷酸单酯,磷酸二酯,焦磷酸盐和多聚磷酸盐6类,含量分别为1.06%,50.99%,33.02%,2.48%,10.68%和3.80%.不同生态型湖区之间颗粒P组成差异明显,河口区正磷酸盐含量最高,达到82.57%,藻型湖区和湖心区颗粒有机磷比例最高,分别达到达到 64.02%和63.95%;颗粒物焦磷酸盐和多聚磷酸盐可能以藻源性颗粒物来源为分别与Chla浓度呈显著相关（P<0.05; P<0.01）.颗粒态生物可利用性磷（PEHP）与正磷酸盐显著相关（P<0.05）,说明颗粒物正磷酸盐是颗粒物生物可利用性磷的重要来源.太湖PEHP降解速率平均为47.3min,PEHP占水体生物可利用磷（EHP）的65.16%,说明颗粒P是水体溶解性反应磷（SRP）补充的重要来源.     

利用31P核磁共振技术优化太湖沉积物有机磷的化学提取方法

以太湖沉积物为研究对象,采用钼酸铵比色方法与液相31P-核磁共振技术(31P-NMR),研究不同浓度NaOH及NaOH与EDTA不同配比(NaOH-EDTA)对沉积物有机磷的提取及31P-NMR组成分析的影响.结果表明:不同浓度NaOH或不同配比的NaOH-EDTA,其提取沉积物总磷和有机磷量均随溶液pH值的增加而增加...     

Chemical and spectral characterization of soil phosphorus under three land uses from an Andic Palehumult in West Cameroon

Phosphorus (P) is one of the main limiting plant nutrients in most tropical soils. Acquiring quantitative information on soil P status is essential for evaluating its sustainable management in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate how land-use shifts from semi-permanent food crop systems (CF) to plantations of tea (Camellia sinensis) (TP) and Eucalyptus grandis (EP) impact on both organic and inorganic P species. Determination of phosphorus status combined a P sequential fractionation procedure and ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Sequentially extracted pools included available P by 0.5 M NaHCO₃, Al/Fe-P by 0.1 M NaOH, Ca-P by 0.5 M HCl and residual P by 0.5 M H₂SO₄ after ignition at 550 °C. Soil total P (STP) varied significantly across land uses (P<0.05) with the lowest mean value (1025.6±23.1 mg kg⁻¹) occurring under CF and the highest (1698.0±86.1 mg kg⁻¹) under TP. The largest P-pools were NaOH-P (47–51% of total soil P) and H₂SO₄-P (25–32%). NaHCO₃-P_i under fertilized land uses (CF and TP) was greater than 12 mg kg⁻¹ indicating that these systems were sustainable. Unfertilized EP was P-deficient, probably as the result of organic-matter accretion and subsequent P immobilization in organic forms. ³¹P NMR revealed that 88–89% of P compounds in NaOH extract were organic with monoester-P accounting for 59.1–60.8%. This was followed by diester-P (9.8–12.4%), teochoic acid (8.4–10.1%), orthophosphate (8.8–9.7%), unknown compounds (7.4–8.4%), pyrophosphate (1.1–4.6%) and phosphonate (0–1.3%). EP had higher diester-P and no phosphonate compound whereas CF had substantial amount of pyrophosphate (4.6%) and less orthophosphate and teochoic acid. These results indicate that these last P compounds are easily mineralizable P forms participating actively in plant P nutrition.     

基于液相31P核磁共振分析的沉积物样品制备方法研究

液相31↑P核磁共振（phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance,31↑P-NMR）是近年来用于分析沉积物有机磷组成的新技术.本研究围绕31↑P-NMR分析沉积物样品的制备过程（包括样品前处理方法、提取时间、提取剂比例、样品浓缩等）进行探讨.结果表明,采用风干的沉积物样品进行提取,...     

Phosphorus speciation in the sediment profile of Lake Erhai, southwestern China: Fractionation and 31P NMR

The distribution characteristics of phosphorus(P) forms in the sediment profile of Lake Erhai,in southwestern China has been investigated by sequential extraction and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR) of NaOH extracts to understand P dynamics and its potential contribution to lake eutrophication.Contents of P fractions varied in the order of NH4Cl extracted P(NH4ClP) < bicarbonate-dithionite extracted P(BD-P) < HCl-P,Residual-P < NaOH extracted P(NaOH-P).The highly available NH4Cl-P represented less than 1% of total P(TP).BD-P and NaOH extracted reactive P(NaOH-rP) averaged 39%,while the ratio of Fe/P was higher than 15,indicating low P release from the sediments under permanent oxic condition.The less bio-available HCl-P,NaOH extracted nonreactive P(NaOH-nrP) and residual-P contributed 61% of TP.Regression analysis revealed that BD-P,NaOH-rP and HCl-P were positively correlated with the contents of Fe and Mn,Al and Fe,and Ca,respectively.The investigation of P compound groups in NaOH extracts by 31 P NMR showed that ortho-P and monoester-P were the largest two constituents of the P pool,followed by diester-P,phosphonate and pyro-P.A comparison of vertical variations of P groups in the sediment profile suggested that these compounds were involved in the P recycling to different extents in Lake Erhai.In particular,the lake exhibits high potential for labile P release from the surface sediments,which should be taken into consideration even after the outsourced P runoff ceased.     

巢湖近代沉积物及其间隙水中营养物的分布特征

湖泊沉积物及其间隙水中的营养盐对于研究湖泊营养盐的生物地球化学和湖泊营养状态的历史变化具有重要的作用.系统研究了巢湖东、西湖区沉积物和间隙水中营养盐的剖面分布特征及其营养盐之间的相互关系.结果表明,巢湖近代沉积物中营养盐含量总体上随着深度的增加而降低,上层沉积物(1～15cm)中TOC(总有机碳)、TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)和Pi(无机磷)的含量都表现出明显的区域差异性,从西到东逐渐减小,含量的大小顺序为C1C3C16;东、西湖区下层沉积物(15～30cm)中TOC、TN和TP的含量差异不明显,分别在5mg.g-1、0.5mg.g-1和0.45mg.g-1左右变化;Po(总有机磷)在整个剖面上的分布则相反,总体上从西向东逐渐增大,含量大小顺序为C16C3C1.沉积物间隙水中的营养盐在空间上的分布规律与沉积物相似,西湖区两个点(C1、C3)沉积物间隙水中的营养物浓度总体上高于东湖区的C16点,大小顺序为C1C3C16,间隙水中的氮、磷酸盐、硅酸盐处于协同变化.间隙水中的氮与沉积物总氮含量密切相关;西湖区间隙水中的磷与沉积物磷含量密切相关,但在东湖区相关性不显著.表层沉积物间隙水中营养盐浓度都明显高于上覆水体,表明沉积物中的营养盐是水体营养盐的主要来源之一.     

基于液相31P核磁共振技术的不同地理区域湖泊沉积物生物质磷(Biogenic-P)形态特征研究

利用液相~(31)P核磁共振分析方法,研究了我国不同地理区域湖泊表层沉积物中生物质磷(Biogenic-P)的形态特征.结果表明,不同地理区域湖泊表层沉积物磷含量差异较大,湖泊沉积物中的总磷在184.37～1089.41 mg·kg~(-1)之间,青藏高原的青海湖总磷含量最高,达到1089.41 mg·kg~(-1).使用~(31)P-NMR技术在湖泊沉积物中共检测到4类磷化合物,其中生物质磷检测到3类磷化合物,分别为:磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P),其中以磷酸单酯为主,含量在5.57～399.18 mg·kg~(-1)之间.随着我国外源性磷的有效控制,内源性磷成为了磷主要的来源,在磷的内源负荷中,生物质磷矿化释放的磷将会影响水体整体生产力,本研究基于液相~(31)P核磁共振技术,对我国不同区域湖泊沉积物中磷形态的分布有了一些新的认识,可为深入认识磷在不同区域湖泊中转化提供支持,有助于深入研究不同区域湖泊磷生物地球化学循环过程,同时为认识我国不同区域湖泊沉积物中磷形态特征提供数据支持.     

东湖沉积物中微生物量与碳、氮、磷的相关性

对武汉东湖3个采样点柱状沉积物中总氮、总磷、总有机碳及微生物量的垂向分布进行了测定,并对生源要素与微生物量之间垂向分布的相关性进行了研究.结果表明,东湖柱状沉积物中总有机碳与总氮之间存在明显的同步变化趋势,其含量随着沉积物深度的增加而不断降低,处于纳污区的1号点的各种营养盐含量均显著高于其它各点.沉积物中的有机质有着明显的双重来源,1号点含有较高的陆源有机质成分,而远离排污口部分的2号和3号点的有机质来源则以水生生物为主.微生物量在沉积物表层最高,随着沉积物深度的增加而不断下降.微生物量与有机质含量之间存在极显著的相关性,但是受有机质来源不同的影响,微生物量与总氮、总磷之间仅在远离排污口部分存在极显著相关性.     

Nutrient distribution within and release from the contaminated sediment of Haihe River

We assessed nutrient characteristics, distributions and fractions within the disturbed and undisturbed sediments at four sampling sites within the mainstream of Haihe River. The river sediments contained mostly sand (> 60%). The fraction of clay was < 3%. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 729 to 1922 mg/kg and from 692 to 1388 mg/kg, respectively. Nutrient concentrations within the sediments usually decreased with increasing depth. The TN and TP concentrations within the fine sand were higher than for that within silt. Sediment phosphorus fractions were between 2.99% and 3.37% Ex-P (exchangeable phosphorus), 7.89% and 13.71% Fe/Al-P (Fe, Al oxides bound phosphorus), 61.32% and 70.14% Ca-P (calcium-bound phosphorus), and 17.03% and 22.04% Org-P (organic phosphorus). Nitrogen and phosphorus release from sediment could lead to the presence of 21.02 mg N/L and 3.10 mg P/L within the water column. A river restoration project should address the sediment nutrient stock.     

Environmental significance of biogenic elements in surface sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent areas

Biogenic elements and six phosphorus(P) fractions in surface sediments from the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were determined to investigate the governing factors of these elements, and further to discuss their potential uses as paleo-environment proxies and risks of P release from sediment. Total organic carbon(TOC) and leachable organic P(Lea-OP) showed high concentrations in the estuary, Zhejiang coast and ofshore upwelling area. They came from both the Changjiang River and marine biological input.Biogenic silicon(BSi) exhibited a high concentration band between 123 and 124°E. BSi mainly came from diatom production and its concentration in the inshore area was diluted by river sediment. Total nitrogen(TN) was primarily of marine biogenic origin. Seaward decreasing trends of Fe-bound P and Al-bound P revealed their terrestrial origins. Influenced by old Huanghe sediment delivered by the Jiangsu coastal current, the maximum concentration of detrital P(Det-P) was observed in the area north of the estuary. Similar high concentrations of carbonate fluorapatite(CFA-P) and CaCO3 in the southern study area suggested marine calcium-organism sources of CFA-P. TOC, TN and non-apatite P were enriched in fine sediment, and Det-P partially exhibited coarse-grain enrichment, but BSi had no correlation with sediment grain size. Diferent sources and governing factors made biogenic elements and P species have distinct potential uses in indicating environmental conditions. Transferable P accounted for 14%-46% of total P. In an aerobic environment,there was low risk of P release from sediment, attributed to excess Fe oxides in sediments.