Carbon Sequestration Function of Check-Dams: A Case Study of the Loess Plateau in China

Check-dams are the most common structures for controlling soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. However, the effect of check-dams on carbon sequestration, along with sediment transport and deposition, has not been assessed over large areas. In this study, we evaluated the carbon sequestration function of check-dams in the Loess Plateau. The results indicate that there were approximately 11 000 check-dams distributed in the Loess Plateau, with an estimate of the amount of sediment of 21 × 10⁹ m³ and a soil organic carbon storage amount of 0.945 Pg. Our study reveals that check-dams in the Loess Plateau not only conserve soil and water but also sequester carbon.     

Profile of Methane Concentrations in Soil and Atmosphere in Alpine Steppe Ecosystem on Tibetan Plateau

The methane concentration profile from -1.5m depth in soil to 32m height in air was measured in alpine steppe located in the permafrost area. Methane concentrations showed widely variations both in air and in soil during the study period. The mean concentrations in atmosphere were all higher than those in soil, and the highest methane concentration was found in air at the height of 16m with the lowest concentration occurring at the depth of 1.5m in soil. The variations of atmospheric methane concentrations did not show any clear pattern both temporally and spatially, although they exhibited a more steadystable state than those in soil. During the seasonal variations, the methane concentrations at different depths in soil were significantly correlated （R^2〉0.6） with each other comparing to the weak correlations （R^2〈0.2） between the atmospheric concentra- tions at different heights. Mean methane concentrations in soil significantly decreased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the decreasing production rates and the increasing methane oxidation rates, which was caused by the descent soil moisture with depth. Although the methane concentrations at all depths varied widely during the growing season, they showed very distinct temporal variations in the non-growing season. It was indicated from the literatures that methane oxidation rates were positively correlated with soil temperature. The higher methane concentrations in soil during the winter were determined by the lower methane oxidation rates with decreasing soil temperatures, whereas methane production rates had no reaction to the lower temperature. Relations between methane contribution and other environmental factors were not discussed in this paper for lacking of data, which impulse us to carry out further and more detailed studies in this unique area.     

基于加权叠加模型的高原湖泊流域重要生态用地识别——以星云湖流域为例

生态用地在维持区域生态平衡和保障区域生态安全具有重要意义。以云南星云湖流域为研究区,运用层次分析法和GIS技术,从水土保持、地质灾害规避与防护、生物多样性保护和水资源安全4个方面,构建了流域重要生态用地识别指标及其识别方法,并识别出流域重要生态用地空间分布。结果表明:(1)加权叠加模型更适用于高原湖泊流域重要生态用地识别;(2)根据生态用地重要性分为核心型、辅助型、过渡型和非重要生态用地,面积分别为75.98 km~2、105.05 km~2、89.47 km~2和65.11 km~2,分别占流域生态用地总面积的22.64%、31.30%、26.66%和19.40%。识别结果能较好地反映重要生态用地维护流域的生态安全。以星云湖流域作为高原湖泊流域的典型,为高原湖泊生态保护提供科学方向,以期协调流域经济发展与生态保护的矛盾,促进可持续发展。     

20世纪长江的3次巨洪

分析了形成20世纪长江3次巨洪的3个遥相关因子：（1）太阳黑子活动;（2）厄尔尼诺事件,（3）青藏高原南部大震。依据长江巨洪和遥相关因子的基本事实,讨论了长江发生巨洪的统计规律。指出当3个因子的出现时间互相重叠时,长江很可能发生巨洪,这对长江巨洪的超长期预测具有重要的指导作用。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原地区沙尘气溶胶光学特性及其加热率的时空分布特征

沙尘不同的垂直分布对大气的加热作用不同,通过卫星观测结合数值模拟,可以更清楚地了解沙尘辐射加热作用,有利于理解沙尘对该地区大气热结构的影响机制.因此,本研究利用CALIPSO气溶胶产品和SBDART模式,分析了2007—2020年塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原沙尘气溶胶及其短波加热率的时空分布特征.结果表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原的年平均沙尘气溶胶光学厚度（DAOD,532 nm）分别为0.300～0.350和0.086～0.108,平均值分别为0.328和0.097.塔克拉玛干沙漠季节平均DAOD的最大、最小值分别出现在春季和冬季,而青藏高原的最大、最小值分别出现在夏季和秋季.塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原的沙尘消光系数（σD）最大值分别出现在春季和夏季.2007—2020年,两地的σD在春季均呈增加趋势,而在秋季则呈减小趋势.春季和夏季的短波沙尘加热率（SW DHR）均大于其它两个季节,其中春季最大,塔克拉玛干沙漠上空冬季最弱,青藏高原上空秋季最弱.春夏季,青藏高原北坡存在较强沙尘加热层,其顶部高于5 km,其强度及高值区从春季到冬季逐渐减小.从年变化来看,春季短波加热率呈加强趋势,秋季呈减...     

气候变化和人类活动对历史时期黄河决溢的影响

本文统计分析了历史时期黄河决溢的变化。并从自然和人为因素两方面探讨其原因和规律。认为在湿润的气候时期黄河决溢频率增高,其原因是本地区高强度的暴雨造成了黄土高原严重的水土流失,从而使黄河中下游大量的泥沙沉积。人类特别是小冰期以来加强了对黄土高原的开发,破坏了原先的植被,从而造成了严重的水土流失,这是小冰期以来黄河决溢次数远远高于其它时期的主要原因。作者还认为在下世纪高温环境到来之际,黄河决溢的危险性大大增加。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of total ozone over China

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滇中高原公路沿线植被特征分析及其恢复刍议——以昆明周边3条公路为例

选取滇中高原面上具有典型代表意义的3条公路,就其沿线的植被覆盖状况展开实地调查,对其主要植被类型进行分析,归纳得出滇中高原公路沿线植被基本特性,并对该地区有关公路沿线生态恢复建设提出浅显的认识与刍议,为促使云南高原山地公路沿线植被能尽可能地发挥其生态和社会经济功能提供思路。     

基于灰关联的坝地分层淤积量与侵蚀性降雨响应研究

论文在全面调查陕北黄土高原淤地坝的基础上,选取典型淤地坝挖取剖面,进行分层测量取样,利用库容曲线和实测各淤积层的厚度求得各层泥沙淤积量,根据黄土高原暴雨产沙过程原理及淤积过程降雨资料,反演各淤积层所对应的侵蚀性降雨。运用灰色关联分析法,分析计算了坝地泥沙淤积量和侵蚀性降雨的4个指标(降雨侵蚀力R、降雨量P、最大30分钟降雨强度I30、平均降雨强度I)之间的关联度。研究结果表明:侵蚀性降雨4个指标中,降雨侵蚀力R和坝地泥沙淤积量的关系最为密切,降雨量P对淤积量的影响次之,最大30分钟降雨强度I30和平均降雨强度I对淤积量的影响最小;并且建立了坝地泥沙淤积量与降雨侵蚀力R和降雨量P的二元线性回归方程。     

黄土高原国土整治中几个问题的探讨

本文讨论了四个问题。第一,黄土高原的面积为 39.1×10⁴km²,不是 56×10⁴或43×10⁴km²,其中黄河中游黄土高原的面积是 31.9×10⁴km²。第二,应将黄土高原的治理和开发紧密结合,在治理中搞开发,以开发促治理。片面地强调二者中之一,都是不正确的。第三,首先要努力防止水的流失以减少土的流失,保水的方法又主要是改土,提高土的蓄水能力。第四,1971年至1983年黄河泥沙较前减少了36％,其中水土保持的减沙量占48％,由此证明“水土保持是治黄基础”的观点是正确的。