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991.
Jörg Luster Manoj Menon Sandra Hermle Rainer Schulin Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg Bernd Nowack 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(2):163-176
Soil translocation for recultivation of soil removed from construction sites and for the preparation of refilled lysimeters
inevitably involves disturbance of soil structure, and, if intermediate storage is included, also drying and rewetting of
the soil. We report on an experiment with model forest ecosystems, where uncontaminated forest subsoils were covered with
non-contaminated or freshly heavy metal (mainly Zn and Cu) contaminated topsoil in large lysimeters. Monitoring of the chemical
composition of the drainage water revealed two distinct soil conditioning phases. During an initial phase of about a year
strongly elevated nitrate and sulfate concentrations occurred that were attributed to a mineralisation flush caused by the
increased accessability of mineralisable nitrogen and sulfur in destroyed aggregates. These effects were significantly larger
in lysimeters with calcareous subsoil than in those with acidic subsoil. The second phase was characterised by a gradual decrease
in dissolved organic carbon and sulfate concentrations, in particular in the acidic subsoil. This decrease may be attributed
to the depletion of pools made accessible during aggregate destruction or the formation of new aggregates. These chemical
changes had only little effects on the concentrations of copper and zinc in the drainage water. Based on our results, it can
be concluded that large refilled lysimeters can be used for many purposes without risk of compromised results, if a conditioning
phase of about 1 year with sufficiently moist soil conditions is respected. Nevertheless, gradual changes in soil chemical
characteristics still occur after this initial phase. Implications for the recultivation of sites using relocated soils are
discussed. 相似文献
992.
Chuaybamroong P Cayse K Wu CY Lundgren DA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,128(1-3):421-430
Ambient aerosols were collected during 2000–2001 in Gainesville, Florida, using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI)
to study mass size distribution and carbon composition. A bimodal mass distribution was found in every sample with major peaks
for aerosols ranging from 0.32 to 0.56 μm, and 3.2 to 5.6 μm in diameter. The two distributions represent the fine mode (<2.5 μm)
and the coarse mode (>2.5 μm) of particle size. Averaged over all sites and seasons, coarse particles consisted of 15% carbon
while fine particles consisted of 22% carbon. Considerable variation was noted between winter and summer seasons. Smoke from
fireplaces in winter appeared to be an important factor for the carbon, especially the elemental carbon contribution. In summer,
organic carbon was more abundant. The maximum secondary organic carbon was also found in this season (7.0 μg m−3), and the concentration is between those observed in urban areas (15–20 μg m−3) and in rural areas (4–5 μg m−3). However, unlike in large cities where photochemical activity of anthropogenic emissions are determinants of carbon composition,
biogenic sources were likely the key factor in Gainesville. Other critical factors that affect the distribution, shape and
concentration were precipitation, brushfire and wind. 相似文献
993.
Assessment of Soil Cover Degradation and Desertification in Northern Lowland Dagestan 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Stasyuk N. V. Dobrovol'skii G. V. Zalibekov Z. G. Saidov A. K. Dobrynin D. V. 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2004,35(3):144-149
New principles of the assessment of soil cover degradation and desertification, the scale and intensity of destructive processes manifestation are determined. 相似文献
994.
Mingming Lu Prabhat Lamichhane Fuyan Liang Eric Imerman Ming Chai 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(3-4):359-367
The odorous air emissions from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), such as swine, poultry and dairy farms, are increasingly
raising community complaints. Odorous emissions can result in health damages, psychological discomforts and adverse aesthetic
effects in the community. However, these emissions are not well characterized up to now due to the lack of legislation, the
limitations in sampling and instrumentation techniques, and the complexity of the emissions themselves. This study is aimed
at the development of a high volume sampler and sorbent assembly to identify the odor causing compounds from a diary CAFO.
The sorbent was custom designed to target the potential compounds that may exist in a dairy farm and was validated in laboratory
with a synthetic odor from the swine manure. The actual samples at the diary farm were collected in spring and summer of 2005.
The sorbents were solvent extracted and individual odor compounds were identified using GC–MS (gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy).
The data obtained indicated that high volume sampling can shorten the sampling time from days to within 4 h. Both volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) have been identified from the dairy farm, such as phenol, methylphenol,
4-ethyl phenol, indole, methyl indole, benzyl alcohol, hexanoic acid, valeric acid and iso-valeric acid, together with some nitrogen containing compounds that have not been reported before. 相似文献
995.
从岳阳巴陵石化公司环己酮生产车间总出水口的污泥中筛选到一株环己酮降解菌株,菌号为JDM-3-12;该菌能以环己酮为唯一碳源且能忍受5000 mg/L的环己酮,当环己酮的质量浓度为2000 mg/L时,在温度为30℃,转速为150 r/m in,pH=7的条件下,72小时内该菌株对环己酮的降解率达到97.91%。通过形态观察、生理生化特征检测和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析,初步鉴定其为赤红球菌(Rhodococcus ruber)中的一个菌株,该菌最适生长温度为35℃,最适生长pH 7。 相似文献
996.
Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shan LinJaved Iqbal Ronggui Hu Leilei RuanJinshui Wu Jinsong ZhaoPengju Wang 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2012,146(1):168-178
Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N2O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N2O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N2O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N2O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N2O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N2O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N2O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N2O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N2O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N2O-N ha−1 year−1 from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N2O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N2O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N2O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N2O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates. 相似文献
997.
以影响大面积染料敏化太阳电池性能的几个物理参量和几何参量为切入点,分析了内部电阻对电池性能的影响,针对几种构型不同的大面积电池,建立了效率的半经验模型.根据并联、串联、和各单元独立式串并联的大面积电池的相关物理参量和几何参量,对电池效率进行了计算.通过比较计算值与测试值的偏差,分析了半经验模型的适用性.在半经验模型的基础上,分析了相关物理参量和几何参量对电池性能的影响.结果表明,在实际应用中,通过半经验模型分析物理参量和几何参量的影响,可以优化大面积电池的性能. 相似文献
998.
Catalysts of Co1.5Mg1.5/Al0.9Ti0.1O and Co1.5Mg1.5/AlO were successfully prepared by calcinations of corresponding hydrotalcite-like compounds at 800℃ for 4 hr. The derived oxides were of spinel phase and a small quantity of Ti substitution did not change the crystal purity. Their catalytic performance for the NO storage/decomposition was investigated. Ti incorporation enhanced the NO decomposition activity while has an opposite effect on the storage capacity of catalyst. In situ FT-IR spectra of the catalysts showed that the final adsorption species on the catalysts was coordinated nitrates/nitrites. In addition, NO storage/decomposition mechanism has been discussed on the basis of these observations. 相似文献
999.
Zhanyi Wang Xiaoshan Zhang Zhangwei Wang Yi Zhang Bingwen Li Rolf Vogt 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2012,24(4):704-710
Dissolved organic sulfur (DOS) is an important fraction for sulfur mobilization in ecosystem. In this work stream waters were sampled in 25 forested sites in southern China to study the dissolved sulfur fractions. Dissolved sulfur was fractionated into dissolved organic sulfur (DOS) and inorganic sulfate (SO42-) for 95 stream water samples. The results showed that the concentration of DOS ranged from 0 to 13.1 mg/L (average 1.3 mg/L) in all the streams. High concentrations of DOS in stream waters were found in the sites with high concentrations of sulfate. DOS constituted less than 60.1% of dissolved sulfur (average 17.9%). Statistical analysis showed that DOS concentration was correlated with SO42- in streams waters and total sulfur in surface layer soils. The results also showed that DOS concentration in stream waters had a seasonal variation, but no trends were found with it. The implication was that the long term sulfur deposition had led the increase of the concentration and fraction of DOS in stream waters in acid rain prevailing regions 相似文献
1000.
We aim to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA) and citric acid (CA) on the toxicity and subcellular distribution of Cd in wheat. Results show that the toxicity and uptake of Cd decreased with increasing HA. The EC50 values of Cd increased from 3.36 μmol/L to 4.96 and 7.33 μmol/L at 50 and 250 mg/L HA, respectively, but decreased to 1.39 μmol/L in the presence of CA based on free ion activity model (FIAM). HA decreased the relative subcellular distribution of Cd in the heat-denatured proteins (decreased from 54% to 33%) but increased Cd in the heat-stable proteins in root (from 25% to 50%) at 7.61 μmol/L {Cd2+} (free Cd activity), which resulted in decreasing Cd toxicity. However, CA increased Cd toxicity due to the increased internalization of Cd although the relative subcellular distributions of Cd exhibited a decrease in the heat-denatured proteins and increase in the granule fraction compared to the control at high-level Cd. The FIAM could not predict the toxicity of Cd in the presence of organic acids. Alternatively, the internal Cd accumulation and subcellular Cd concentration were better to describe the toxicity of Cd to wheat. 相似文献