一株降解苯酚微生物的研究

从污泥中分离出可在舍100mg/L苯酚的LIB培养基上生长的菌株，其中JF-2生长情况最好。通过逐级驯化，JF-2的降解苯酚能力明显提高，可在以苯酚为唯一碳源的培养基中降解苯酚并生长。在接种量为1％时，JF－2在24h内将300mg／L的苯酚完全降解。该菌的最适生长和降解温度为30℃，并能在pH5．5～9内降解苯酚。河水中的天然微生物降解苯酚的能力弱，需7天才可将200mg/L的苯酚完全降解。     

氨氮降解菌最佳培养条件及降解动力学研究＊

从污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选分离得到一株高效氨氮降解菌AD-5,研究了温度、pH值、摇床转速以及接种量对降解菌AD-5的影响。实验结果表明:降解菌AD-5最适生长温度为35℃,最适宜培养基pH为7,最适宜摇床转速为120r/min,100mLLB液体培养基,最适宜的接种量为6.0mL。在最佳培养条件下菌株AD-5具有更高的活性。菌种AD-5对氨氮的降解动力学实验结果表明:氨氮的残留浓度Y与时间X符合方程Y=73.3836e(-0.07722)X。     

高效海洋溢油降解菌降解海洋溢油条件的优化研究

针对海洋溢油污染问题,采用实验室筛选的海洋溢油降解菌HJ01和HJ02开展海洋溢油微生物降解优化研究,采用单因素实验和多因素正交实验进行降解率测定。结果表明,单因素实验条件下,当pH值为7、培养温度35℃、石油初始浓度7 500mg/L、NaCl含量20 000mg/L时,HJ01和HJ02对海洋溢油的降解效果最佳。正交实验条件下,HJ01在pH值为7、培养温度35℃、石油初始浓度7 500mg/L、NaCl含量10 000mg/L时降解效果最佳;HJ02在pH值为7、培养温度30℃、石油初始浓度11 000 mg/L、NaCl含量10 000mg/L时降解效果最佳。     

聚氧乙烯(23)月桂醚低温降解菌的筛选及降解动力学研究

非离子表面活性剂随废水中进入环境具有降低水体溶解氧,危胁水生动植物等危害。生物降解法常用于非离子表面活性剂的处理,但低温对微生物的生长与代谢活性产生明显抑制作用。为提高污染物的低温降解效果,本研究通过长期低温驯化分离到一株能以聚氧乙烯(23)月桂醚(Brij-35)为唯一碳源生长的低温(10℃)降解菌株YX3,经16S rDNA鉴定属于不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.) YX3。不同pH、底物浓度下,菌株YX3对Brij-35的降解均符合一级动力学方程降解,半衰期为7.43～45.55 h。其中,YX3的最适生长条件为pH 8.0、Brij-35浓度250 mg/L,10℃下,24 h时Brij-35的去除率/达到95.80%,底物降解半衰期(t_(1/2))为6.1h。此外,该株菌对同类非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯(4)月桂醚(Brij-30)同样具有降解效果。     

微生物法处理海上钻井废钻井液

微生物法适用于海上钻井含油废弃物的处理。通过多次对菌株采集、分离、纯化和培养驯化,选育得到了3株对石油烃类有很好降解效果的石油类降解菌;确定了石油类降解菌适宜的生化处理条件:最佳生长及原油降解温度为50℃、最佳生长及原油降解酸碱性环境为pH=6.0、最佳菌株接种量2%、最佳原油初始浓度为500mg/L。处理后的含油废弃钻井液含油量基本稳定在2mg/L以下,降解率达98%以上。     

高效降氰菌的筛选及其特性研究

本研究从电镀废水中分离出了三株能够高效降解自由氰根的菌种，并对这三株菌的生长曲线和影响其降解氰化物的因素进行了研究。结果表明，这三株菌分别属于青霉属、木霉属和酵母属，并命名为M3、Mw4和Ms；其最大生长量的时间分别为15、20和18小时；当CN^-初始浓度为80mg／L时，M3菌16h内降解氰化物的最优条件是pH为5-7、温度为20℃～30℃、摇床转速为130rpm、接种量为10％。在此条件下，M3菌将80mg/L CN^-降解到0．22mg/L，降氰率达到98．9％。该研究结果可为微生物在处理含氰废水的实际应用提供依据。     

1株乙羧氟草醚降解菌的分离鉴定与降解特性研究

本研究从某农药厂污水处理池的活性污泥中分离得到1株能以乙羧氟草醚为唯一碳源生长的菌株。经生理生化鉴定和16SrRNA基因序列同源性分析,将此菌株初步鉴定为腐生葡萄球茵（Staphylococcussaprophyticus）,并命名为YSC．1。对菌株YSC．1的生长特性研究表明：茵株的最佳生长温度和pH分别为30℃、7．0;NaCI浓度对菌株YSC-1生长有较大的影响。菌株在20℃-40℃之间均能降解乙羧氟草醚,在30％1、pH7．0的条件下对乙羧氟草醚的降解率最高;增加乙羧氟草醚的浓度会对菌株产生毒害作用,降低其降解率;提高接种量可以加快乙羧氟草醚的降解。在乙羧氟草醚终浓度为100mg／L的工业废水经7d处理后,乙羧氟草醚的去除率达91．62％,说明菌株YSC-1在废水处理中具有很好的应用前景。     

垃圾渗滤液COD降解菌株的筛选及其降解特性初探

采用不断增大垃圾渗滤液浓度的方法，筛选出3株能有效降解渗滤液的微生物DL01、DL02、DL03。以COD的去除率作为评价指标，研究常压。不同时间、温度以厦pH下优势菌株对渗滤液COD的降解特性。初步结果表明，优势菌株的接种量以7．5％（体积分数）最佳；各优势菌株对温度的适应范围较广，在20℃-40℃内具有较好的降解效果，COD的去除率均高于15．7％；3株优势茼株最适pH均为7，不同菌株耐受pH的范围不同，其中DL01对pH的适应范围最广，为6—9；在35℃，pH为7时，DL01对渗滤液COD的去除能力最强为35．5％，DL02和DL03分别为25．0％和21．5％；在此相同条件下，混合菌株比单一菌株的降解效果好，为39．3％；加入碳源有利于渗滤液COD的降解。无机氮源的加入使COD的去除率降低。     

好氧颗粒污泥降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的影响因素研究

本文研究了好氧颗粒污泥系统中,温度、pH、曝气强度、邻苯二酸(Phthalic Acid,PA)及氨氮(NH3-N)对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Phthahte,DMP)降解效果的影响,结果表明:好氧颗粒污泥降解DMP的最佳温度、最佳PH值范围、最佳曝气强度分别为25℃～45℃、7.0 ～9.0、1.38 cm/s.当PA浓度为100 mg/L、300 mg/L,PA对DMP降解起促进作用;当PA浓度为500 mg/L、800 mg/L,PA对DMP降解起抑制作用.进水中50 mg/L的氨氮浓度对DMP降解的影响不大.本研究中采用的19种运行工况条件中,除曝气强度为0.33 cm/s以外,其他18种运行工况条件下,当运行时间达到300 min时,DMP的浓度都小于1.0 mg/L,因此,当水力停留时间达到5h以上时,温度、pH、PA、氨氮对DMP降解速率的影响基本上可以忽略不计.     

漆酶对染料的脱色研究

利用来源于白毒鹅膏菌的粗漆酶与12种工业染料反应,结果发现其中7种染料颜色能被脱除.研究了直接影响黑G和中性黄GL的漆酶脱色的相关因素.试验发现,这两种染料在1h内与漆酶反应迅速,且特征颜色吸收峰(600nm/440nm )基本消失,其最适温度均为50℃、最适反应pH值范围分别为5-6和3-4,酶活力的增加可显著提高反应速率,但对总脱色率影响不大.在pH值为5、温度40℃条件下,5U/ml的漆酶与直接黑G和中性黄GL反应的Km值分别为3.2mg/L和25.1mg/L,Vmax值分别为2.70mg/L·min和3.25mg/L·min.     

Spatial contrasts of seasonal and intraflock broiler litter trace gas emissions, physical and chemical properties

Comprehensive mitigation strategies for gaseous emissions from broiler operations requires knowledge of the litters' physical and chemical properties, gas evolution, bird effects, as well as broiler house management and structure. This research estimated broiler litter surface fluxes for ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Ancillary measurements of litter temperature, litter total N, ammonium (NH4+), total C content, moisture, and pH were also made. Grid sampling was imposed over the floor area of two commercial broiler houses at the beginning (Day 1), middle (Day 23), and end (Day 43) of a winter and subsequent summer flock housed on reused pine shavings litter. The grid was composed of 36 points, three locations across the width, and 12 locations down the length of the houses. To observe feeder and waterer (F/W) influences on the parameters, eight additional sample locations were added in a crisscross pattern among these automated supply lines. Color variograms illustrate the nature of parameter changes within each flock and between seasons. Overall trends for the NH3, N2O, and CO2 gas fluxes indicate an increase in magnitude with bird age during a flock for both summer and winter, but flux estimates were reduced in areas where compacted litter (i.e., caked litter or cake) formed at the end of the flocks (at F/W locations and in the fan area). End of flock gas fluxes were estimated at 1040 mg NH3 m(-2) h(-1), 20 mg N2O m(-2) h(-1), and 24,200 mg CO2 m(-2) h(-1) in winter; and 843 mg NH3 m(-2) h(-1), 18 mg N2O m(-2) h(-1)), and 27,200 mg CO2 m(-2) h(-1) in summer. The results of intensive sample efforts during winter and summer flocks, reported visually using contour plots, offer a resource to the poultry industry and researchers for creating new management strategies for improving production and controlling gas evolution. Particularly, efforts could focus on designing housing systems that minimize extremes in litter compaction. The extremes are undesirable with more friable litter prone to greater gas evolution and more compacted litter providing a slippery, disease-sustaining surface.     

造纸废水好氧生化处理系统污泥臭氧氧化减量研究

本文开展了利用O3氧化造纸废水生化处理系统产生剩余污泥的实验研究,根据O3对污泥性状、细胞溶解性COD及细胞电导率透性等指标的影响规律,提出了利用O3氧化剩余污泥实现系统污泥减量的最佳技术条件：在污泥浓度为5000mg／L时,体系中初始O3浓度为8．0～16．0mg／L时,接触氧化时间控制在20min,即可保证细胞溶胞的目的,在此条件下可实现系统污泥减量87．1％。     

4株苯磺隆降解菌的分离鉴定及其生长特性

从长期受农药苯磺隆污染的土壤中通过采用富集培养分离技术得到4株以苯磺隆为唯一碳源生长的细菌,分别将其命名为B1、B2、B3和B4。通过观察这4种菌株的形态学特征,研究其生理生化特性以及分析其16S rDNA序列,初步鉴定菌株B1为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）,B2为戴尔福特菌（Delftia sp.）,B3为微杆菌（Microbacterium sp.）,B4为产碱杆菌（Alcaligenes sp.）。并通过研究温度、初始pH值、接种量、苯磺隆初始浓度、培养基体积、氮源、碳源、Mg^2＋浓度等因素对4种菌株生长情况的影响,确定了菌株的最佳生长条件。结果显示,B1菌株的最适温度为35℃,其他3株菌株均为30℃。菌株B3最适pH为8.0,其余3株菌株均为pH7.0。B1和B3菌株最适接种量为15%,B2和B4最适接种量为10%。菌株B3最适苯磺隆初始浓度为100mg·L^-1,其余菌株最适苯磺隆初始浓度均为200mg·L^-1。4株菌株最适培养基体积均为75mL,最适氮源均为硝酸铵,最适碳源均为葡萄糖。B2菌株最适Mg^2＋浓度为100mg·L^-1,其余3株菌株均为200mg·L^-1。B1和B4菌株最适NaCl浓度为20g·L^-1,B2菌株NaCl浓度为5-30g·L^-1,B3菌株最适NaCl浓度为50g·L^-1。该结果为利用微生物对农药苯磺隆污染的土壤进行原位生物修复提供理论依据。     

微生物菌剂在酿酒废水处理中的应用研究

采用厌氧－好氧工艺,结合微生物菌剂对酿酒废水进行了处理研究。进水CODCr浓度可达到8,456.3-22,442.0mg/L,BOD55,040.0-9.557.1mg/L,pH3-4,可不调pH,采用微生物菌剂接种可启动厌氧反应器,COD有机负荷最高达到10.2gCOD/Ld,COD去除率稳定在91－95％,BOD去除率90－94％,出水pH6.6-7.1,出水CODCr在2,000mg/L以下,BOD5800mg/L以下。厌氧污泥可全部颗粒化。好氧处理系统中接种微生物菌剂,曝气10－12小时,可保证出水中CODCr在230mg/L以下,甚至直接达到国家一级排放标准。微生物菌剂的应用是取得该处理效果的关键。     

Degradation of a commercial textile biocide with advanced oxidation processes and ozone

The occurrence of significant amounts of biocidal finishing agents in the environment as a consequence of intensive textile finishing activities has become a subject of major public health concern and scientific interest only recently. In the present study, the treatment efficiency of selected, well-known advanced oxidation processes (Fenton, Photo-Fenton, TiO(2)/UV-A, TiO(2)/UV-A/H(2)O(2)) and ozone was compared for the degradation and detoxification of a commercial textile biocide formulation containing a 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether as the active ingredient. The aqueous biocide solution was prepared to mimic typical effluent originating from the antimicrobial finishing operation (BOD(5,o) < or =5 mg/L; COD(o)=200 mg/L; DOC(o) (dissolved organic carbon)=58 mg/L; AOX(o) (adsorbable organic halogens)=48 mg/L; LC(50,o) (lethal concentration causing 50% death or immobilization in Daphnia magna)=8% v/v). Ozonation experiments were conducted at different ozone doses (500-900 mg/h) and initial pH (7-12) to assess the effect of ozonation on degradation (COD, DOC removal), dearomatization (UV(280) and UV(254) abatement), dechlorination (AOX removal) and detoxification (changes in LC(50)). For the Fenton experiments, the effect of varying ferrous iron catalyst concentrations and UV-A light irradiation (the Photo-Fenton process) was examined. In the heterogenous photocatalytic experiments, Degussa P25-type TiO(2) was used as the catalyst and the effect of reaction pH (3, 7 and 12) and H(2)O(2) addition on the photocatalytic treatment efficiency was examined. Although in the photochemical (i.e. Photo-Fenton, TiO(2)/UV-A and TiO(2)/UV-A/H(2)O(2)) experiments appreciably higher COD and DOC removal efficiencies were obtained, ozonation appeared to be equally effective to achieve dearomatization (UV(280) abatement) at all studied reaction pH. During ozonation of the textile biocide effluent, AOX abatement proceeded significantly faster than dearomatization and was complete after 20 min ozonation (267 mg O(3)). On the other hand, for complete detoxification, ozonation had to be continued for at least 30 min (corresponding to 400mg O(3)). Effective AOX and acute toxicity removal was also obtained after heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment (TiO(2)/UV-A and TiO(2)/UV-A/H(2)O(2)). The Fenton-based treatment experiments and particularly the dark Fenton reaction resulted in relatively poor degradation, dearomatization, AOX and acute toxicity removals.     

水解酸化对感光胶片废水生化反应动力学系数的影响

采用水解酸化工艺可有效地提高工业废水中难生物降解有机物的可生化性,为后续好氧生化处理创造有利条件。本试验在对感光胶片废水采用水解酸化－活性污泥法工艺和常规活性污泥法进行平行对照试验的基础上,从生化反应动力学系数的角度研究水解酸化过程对好氧生化反应的影响。研究结果表明：经水解酸化处理后,在该废水的ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤＣｒ比值从０４６－０４８提高至０５４－０５６的同时,后续活性污泥系统的动力学半速度数Ｋｓ从常规活性污泥法的４５９毫克／升下降至１０３毫克／升,最大比降解速度Ｋ从３０／日上升至５０／日,可用于表征该工业废水可生化性和后续好氧化物处理效果改善和提高的程度。     

Mitigation of shallow groundwater nitrate in a poorly drained riparian area and adjacent cropland

Riparian ecosystems, through their unique position in the agricultural landscape and ability to influence nutrient cycles, can potentially reduce NO3 loading to surface and ground waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the fate of NO3 in shallow groundwater moving along a lateral flowpath from a grass seed cropping system through an undisturbed mixed-species herbaceous riparian area. Soil A (30-45 cm) and C horizon (135-150 cm) NO3, dissolved oxygen, and nitrous oxide concentrations were significantly higher in the cropping system than the adjacent riparian area. Nitrate concentrations in both horizons of the riparian soil were consistently at or below 0.05 mg N L(-1) while cropping system concentrations ranged from 1 to 12 mg N L(-1). Chloride data suggested that NO3 dilution occurred from recharge by precipitation. However, a sharp decrease in NO3/Cl ratios as water moved into the riparian area indicated that additional dilution of NO3 concentrations was unlikely. Riparian area A horizon soil water had higher dissolved organic carbon than the cropping system and when the riparian soil became saturated, available electron acceptors (O2, NO3) were rapidly reduced. Dissolved inorganic carbon was significantly higher in the riparian area than the cropping system for both horizons indicating high biological activity. Carbon limitation in the cropping system may have led to microbial respiration using primarily O2 and to a lesser degree NO3. Within 6 m of the riparian/cropping system transition, NO3 was virtually undetectable.     

Application of a new type of moving bio-film in aerobic sequencing batch reactor (aerobic-SBR)

A moving bio-film (MB), made from the inner tube of used tyres was applied in a conventional-aerobic-SBR for increasing the system efficiency and quality of bio-sludge due to good sedimentation (the density of 1.925+/-0.21 g/cm(3)), non-biodegradability and re-usability of the media without any regeneration. The total bio-sludge mass of the MB-aerobic-SBR was about 30% higher than that of the conventional-aerobic-SBR resulting in a reduction of the F/M value of the system and amount of suspended bio-sludge waste. The amount of suspended bio-sludge waste, SVI and SRT of the MB-aerobic-SBR under a low organic loading of 80+/-9.3g BOD(5)/m(3)-d were 1,485+/-146 mg/d, 51+/-3.7 ml/g and 10.1+/-5.1 days, respectively while they were 1,800+/-152 mg/d, 69+/-4.0 ml/g and 8.3+/-5.3 days, respectively in the conventional-aerobic-SBR. The BOD(5), TKN and TP removal efficiencies of the MB-aerobic-SBR were about 1-2, 2-3 and 10-12% higher, respectively, than that of the conventional-aerobic-SBR. Also, the BOD(5) and COD removal efficiencies of the MB-aerobic-SBR were higher than 95% even when the system was operated with synthetic wastewater containing 800 mg/l BOD(5) under a very low HRT of 1.5 days (organic loading of 528+/-50.8 g BOD(5)/m(3)-d). The effluent BOD(5), COD, total kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus and suspended solids of the MB-aerobic-SBR under a high organic loading of 528+/-50.8 g BOD(5)/m(3)-d were 45+/-5.1, 37+/-3.6, 4.1+/-1.0, 1.5+/-0.80 and 41+/-2mg/l, respectively.     

Nitrite formation and nitrous oxide emissions as affected by reclaimed effluent application

The effect of irrigation with reclaimed effluent (RE) (after secondary treatment) on the mechanisms and rates of nitrite formation, N2O emissions, and N mineralization is not well known. Grumosol (Chromoxerert) soil was incubated for 10 to 14 d with fresh water (FW) and RE treated with 15NO3- and 15NH4+ to provide a better insight on N transformations in RE-irrigated soil. Nitrite levels in RE-irrigated soil were one order of magnitude higher than in FW- irrigated soil and ranged between 15 to 30 mg N kg(-1) soil. Higher levels of NO2- were observed at a moisture content of 60% than at 70% and 40% w/w. Nitrite levels were also higher when RE was applied to a relatively dry Grumosol (20% w/w) than at subsequent applications of RE to soil at 40% w/w. Isotopic labeling indicated that the majority of NO2 was formed via nitrification. The amount of N2O emitted from RE-treated Grumosol was double the amount emitted from FW treatments at 60% w/w. Nitrification was responsible for about 42% of the emissions. The N20 emission from the RE-treated bulk soil (passing a 9.5-mm sieve) was more than double the amount formed in large aggregates (4.76-9.5 mm in diameter). No dinitrogen was detected under the experimental conditions. Results indicate that irrigation with secondary RE stimulates nitrification, which may enhance NO3 leaching losses. This could possibly be a consequence of long-term exposure of the nitrifier population to RE irrigation. Average gross nitrification rate estimates were 11.3 and 15.8 mg N kg(-1) soil d(-1) for FW- and RE-irrigated bulk soils, respectively. Average gross mineralization rate estimates were about 3 mg N kg(-1) soil d(-1) for the two water types.