论中国可再生能源发展机制

中国可再生能源存在着成本高和市场狭小两大问题，要根本解决这两大问题必须制定新政策，形成新机制。中国的可再生能源政策的多目标性决定了新出台政策应该是一个政策体系，具体应包括目标机制、定价机制、交易机制、选择机制和补偿机制五种运行机制。     

可持续发展研究新方向:家庭可持续消费研究

可持续的家庭消费问题已经成为国际上的热点问题。本文首先对可持续家庭消费的研究进行了综述，再结合当前中国家庭的能源消费、水资源消费和垃圾排放的环境影响，提出了在中国进行可持续家庭消费研究的重要意义。     

Energy futures and green chemistry: competing for carbon

Global energy demand is expected to increase from the current 400 ExaJ per year to as much as 700–1,000 ExaJ per year by the middle of this century. If fossil carbon resources continue to make up the bulk of the energy supply, not only will atmospheric carbon dioxide increase to levels not seen for the past 30–35 million years, but depleting fossil carbon resources will become increasingly less available for other purposes, particularly the production of chemicals on which society now depends. The chemical process industries are heavily dependent on the availability of low-price petroleum as a feedstock. Recent life-cycle analyses suggest that pursuing both strategies of renewable energy sources and renewable feedstocks (i.e. biomass) will be required to meet these competing demands. Reducing the global use of both energy and manufactured chemicals will be a challenge for sustainable development. Education of the next generation of chemists and chemical engineers will have to change significantly from its current emphasis on petrochemical-based manufacturing to include a much greater emphasis on renewable resources and bio-based processes.Brief accounts of this work were presented at the 7th International Symposium on Green Chemistry in China (Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China, May 2005) and at the Joint US–China Green Chemistry Workshop (Beijing, People’s Republic of China, May 2005; this workshop was supported by US National Science Foundation grant CHE-0522369).     

Energy and Enviromental Issues in Turkey

The current and future projections of energy utilisation and related environmental impact has been given. Due to the heavy dependance on low grade lignites and imported hard coal, Turkey is going to have problems in the control of CO₂ emissions. Turkey was at first included as an Annex I country according to Kyoto Protocol. Later, it has been removed from the list which is justified considering the previous international environmental impact control applications and relatively much lower energy utilisation in Turkey, compared to Annex I countries. Therefore, Turkey has been removed from the Annex I list.Turkish power generation, industrial and transportation sector will be facing a difficult challenge over the coming 20 yr in complying with environmental impact levels. The developments in the liberalisation of Turkish energy sector since the 1980's is a positive step to overcome the problems.     

Co-solvent selection and recovery

The selection and recovery of two or more solvents (i.e. co-solvents) are studied because of their importance in environmentally responsible processing. A particularly challenging problem arises when the contaminants (or solutes) are comprised of a mixture of volatile and nonvolatile compounds. The nonvolatile components present difficulties in solvent selection while the volatile components give rise to solvent recovery challenges. Traditional approaches such as the Kauri-Butanol test and predictions based on solubility parameters from regular solution theory can result in poor solvent selection when some of the contaminants are nonvolatile. A simple, graphical and rigorous procedure based on Gibbs energies of mixing for all binary mixtures of solvents and contaminants is proposed for choosing solvent/contaminant pairs. This selection procedure is based on the choice of solvent resulting in the lowest solvent/contaminant Gibbs free energy of mixing for a given contaminant. Nonvolatile contaminants are often easily separated in a single-stage flash vessel. Volatile contaminants, on the other hand, can form homogeneous or heterogeneous azeotropes with commonly used solvents, give rise to distillation boundaries and result in a challenging co-solvent recovery problem. A systematic procedure for the synthesis, design and economic analysis for co-solvent recovery is presented. Residue curve maps are used to identify distillation boundaries and to generate a conceptual process flow sheet for co-solvent recovery. Equipment sizes for the separators and auxiliaries (i.e. condensers, reboilers, decanters, etc.) are determined and capital investment, installation and operating costs are calculated. The removal of oil-water emulsions from the surface of machined metal parts using n-propyl bromide (NPB) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in a closed-loop degreaser is used to illustrate the proposed methodology of co-solvent selection and recovery. Analysis shows that the Kauri-Butanol test and the use of solubility parameters can result in poor solvent selection. In contrast, the proposed methodology shows that NPB is competitive with banned solvents like chlorodifluoro, fluorodichloroethane and trichloroethane and highly regulated solvents such as perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene and is a good solvent for the removal of machining oils while IPA is a good solvent for removing water. Separation of mixtures of NPB/IPA/water is difficult because of the presence of three binary and one ternary azeotrope that create three distinct distillation regions as well as regions of vapor-liquid-liquid behavior. It is shown that these distillation boundaries preclude direct water separation and that a two-distillation sequence with decantation is required to cross boundaries and recover both solvents. A variety of geometric illustrations are presented to elucidate key concepts.     

中国保护臭氧层的建议方案

臭氧层破坏是当前面临的全球性环境问题,为了履行自己的国际义务,认真分析本国消耗臭氧层物(ODS)的生产、消费现状,科学评估其发展趋势,提出削减消耗臭氧层物质的措施。     

中国自然资源消耗与国家资源安全变化趋势

在大量消耗自然资源与付出一定环境代价的基础上 ,中国经济得以高速增长 ,未来我国将处于世界发展格局的工业文明边缘极 ,注定将消耗更多的自然资源 ,整个社会经济体系对自然资源和环境问题更为敏感 ,我国对国际自然资源的依存度越来越强 ,其它国家的“中国威胁感”增强。鉴于上述基本趋势 ,中国未来资源安全以不出现重大资源危机为目标相对合理 ,在争取资源安全策略方面应采取的方式为 :①逐渐调整我国社会经济结构 ,使之适应自然资源短缺的现实 ,使整个经济体系资源利用效率化 ;②科学地养护我国现有自然资源基础 ,提高自然资源供给能力 ,使其免遭不可恢复的破坏 ;③全面增强各领域的国际影响力 ,积极建造有利于我国充分利用外国资源的国际秩序。     

巴陵石化尿素水解装置的环保改造

分析了尿素水解装置存在的问题及采取的改进措施,提高了水解装置处理能力与处理效果,实现了清洁生产、节能降耗、保护环境的目的。     

高校节能减排的潜力与效益实证研究

高校节能减排的潜力和效益非常可观。但是,要想达到预计的节能减排效益,高校必须建立和健全节能减排制度,加大节能技术和设施设备改造力度,引导师生采取有效的节能减排措施,加强对学生资源忧患意识和节约习惯的养成教育。     

水泥行业节能减排与清洁生产——以鞍山某水泥有限责任公司清洁生产为例

以典型的水泥行业清洁生产审核为例,阐述传统的水泥行业,通过实施清洁生产是实现企业节能减排的重要手段之一,从而实现企业环境效益、经济效益双赢,为水泥行业的可持续发展奠定基础。