新疆空气质量日报网站数据传输管理系统的设计与实现

利用ASP.NET和ADO.NET技术开发的新疆空气质量日报网站数据传输管理系统,实现了网站空气质量日报的动态管理,同时依托该网站将沙尘暴天气应急监测数据传输系统作为其组成部分,使对新疆境内的区域大气质量监测数据的管理更加及时、高效,提高了工作效率,新疆的城市空气质量日报工作达到全国领先水平.本文对本系统的开发原理、系统的功能特点和设计方案进行了介绍.     

Monitoring the results of Canada/U.S.A acid rain control programs: some lake responses

Aquatic acidification by deposition of airborne pollutants emerged as an environmental issue in southeastern Canada during the 1970s. Drawing information from the extensive research and monitoring programs, a sequence of issue assessments demonstrated the necessity of reducing the anthropogenic emissions of acidifying pollutants, particularly sulphur dioxide (SO₂). The 1991 Canada-U.S. Air Quality Agreement (AQA) was negotiated to reduce North American SO₂ emissions by 40% relative to 1980 levels by 2010, and at present, both countries have reduced emissions beyond their AQA commitment. In response to reduced SO₂ emissions, atmospheric deposition of sulphate (SO₄ ^2–) and SO₄ ^2– concentrations in many lakes have declined, particularly in south-central Ontario and southern Québec. Sulphate deposition still exceeds aquatic critical loads throughout southeastern Canada however. Increasing pH or alkalinity (commonly deemed recovery) has been observed in only some lakes. Several biogeochemical factors have intervened to modify the lake chemistry response to reduced SO₄ ^2– input, notably release of stored SO₄ ^2– from wetlands following periods of drought and reduction in the export of base cations from terrestrial soils. Three examples from Ontario are presented to illustrate these responses. Significant increases in pH and alkalinity have been observed in many lakes in the Sudbury area of Ontario due to the large reductions in local SO₂ emissions; early-stage biological recovery is evident in these lakes. An integrated assessment model predicts that AQA emission reductions will not be sufficient to promote widespread chemical or biological recovery of Canadian lakes. Monitoring and modeling are mutually supporting assessment activities and both must continue.     

Automated Algorithms for Heuristic Base‐Flow Separation1

Abstract: The subjective nature of graphical base‐flow separation combined with the many applications of base‐flow time series derived from continuous streamflow data, motivates the development and application of automated algorithms for heuristic base‐flow separation. Base‐flow time series derived from gauged streamflow support diverse applications in engineering hydrology, catchment analysis, hydrogeologic investigations, regional low‐flow analysis, and recharge estimation. Whether based on graphical procedures for recession analysis or analytical expressions derived from fundamental equations of ground‐water flow, the variety of base‐flow separation algorithms belies the array of base‐flow definitions and interpretations that variously refer to dominant process, source, flow path, and characteristic response time. Algorithms that are invariant in their consistent – though heuristic – characterization of base‐flow response are particularly useful for interbasin comparisons of low‐flow characteristics and hydrologic regionalization. More adaptable algorithms provide application‐specific flexibility in allocating flow components like interflow to either quickflow or slowflow. Four widely used algorithms that produce consistent base‐flow time series using only gauged streamflow records are compared and contrasted with a complementary heuristic algorithm that incorporates hydrologic judgment explicitly, through manual parameterization. The utility of these inherently subjective algorithms is illustrated through a simple example of flow phase separation in a two‐component end‐member mixing model of dissolved chlorides in the Cuyahoga River.     

对城镇清洁区与污灌区蔬菜基地环境现状的调查研究

通过对昌吉州三工镇和榆树沟镇、米泉市古牧地镇和柏杨河乡种植区土壤、空气质量、灌溉水的监测分析与调查研究,对比清洁区蔬菜基地与污灌区蔬菜基地环境现状,探讨了灌溉用水对蔬菜质量的影响,提出切实可行的防治措施.     

Fungal-modification of Natural Fibers: A Novel Method of Treating Natural Fibers for Composite Reinforcement

Growing interest in green products has provided fresh impetus to the research in the field of renewable materials. Plant fibers are not only renewable but also light in weight and low in cost. Polymer composites manufactured using them find applications in diverse fields such as automobiles, housing, and furniture. However, their hydrophilic nature and inadequate adhesion with matrix limits their use in high performance applications. In this study, a novel method for improving adhesion characteristics of natural fibers has been developed. This method is carried out by treating hemp fibers with a fungus: Ophiostoma ulmi, obtained from elm tree infected with Dutch elm disease. Treated fibers showed improved acid–base characteristics and resistance to moisture. Improved acid–base interactions between fiber and resin are expected to improve the interfacial adhesion, whereas improved moisture resistance would benefit the durability of the composites. Finally, composites were prepared using untreated/treated fibers and unsaturated polyester resin. Composites with treated fibers showed slightly better mechanical properties, which is most probably due to improved interfacial adhesion.     

黄河河川基流量演化规律及其驱动因子探讨

河川基流量是指地下水补给河川径流的水量。论文首次对黄河河川基流量50年来的时空演化规律和驱动因子做了较为全面的分析。研究表明:黄河河川基流量约占黄河河川径流量的44%,黄河河川基流量对维持健康黄河具有重要意义。受自然变化和人类活动影响,黄河干支流河川基流量50年来总体呈下降趋势;支流基流量变化可划分为双峰型、单峰型、直线下降型3种类型,干流区间基流量主要减少在黄河中游地区。黄河河川基流量具有维持河川径流、维护河流生态、湖泊以及表生生态植被良性发展等多种功能,河川基流量衰减导致湖泊萎缩、表生植被退化、加剧黄河断流等一系列生态环境负效应。通过对驱动因子进一步分析表明,降水量是维持河川基流量的主要来源,其变化影响黄河河川基流量变化趋势。人类活动是黄河河川基流量驱动因子中最活跃的因子,基流量衰减最明显的地区也是人类活动频繁的地区。因此维持健康的黄河必须要对黄河基流量进行科学保护和合理开发利用。     

Simulated potential effects of ecological factors on a hypothetical population of Chiricahua leopard frog (Rana chiricahuensis)

Simulations provide an opportunity to examine how single or multiple perturbations may impact a specific species. The objectives of this study were to identify thresholds at which changes in stream peak flow, stream base flow, and/or chytrid fungus presence alter long-term Rana chiricahuensis populations. We used scenarios with varying peak flow mortality rates, base flow mortality rates, and chytrid fungus mortality rates. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted. Over 50 years, populations in six scenarios increased and 13 scenarios decreased. Eight scenarios resulting with fewer than 100 individuals included stochastic effects for at least two of three perturbations and the remaining scenarios included chronic effects of 30% or higher. Scenarios with population increases had either no chytrid fungus effect or chronic effects from perturbations totaling less than 30%. In the absence of chytrid fungus, populations increased and became stable. At a 10% annual death rate caused by chytrid fungus, the R. chiricahuensis population decreased 46.8%. At a 20% death rate, the population decreased 98.6%. Model scenarios were sensitive to peak flow death rates. As peak flow mortality increased to 10 and 20%, extinction rates increased to 91.7 and 99.9%, respectively. With model parameters and the no base flow mortality, R. chiricahuensis populations declined by 92% with a 3.2% extinction rate at 50 years. Models with base flow mortality rates of 10 and 20% resulted in population extinction rates of 48.7 and 96.1%, respectively. Scenario analysis of perturbations on a hypothetical R. chiricahuensis population provided a framework in which to view combined effects on a species. Analysis supports supposition that chytrid fungus is the proximate cause of many amphibian declines, but the added effect of base flow and peak flow has the potential to hasten declines.     

东北商品粮基地粮食生产的区域分异

论文以商品粮基地县为研究单元,运用数理统计和GIS空间分析结合的方法,揭示东北商品粮基地县粮食总产的区域差异。研究结果表明:①粮食总产低于平均水平的商品粮基地县占多数,高于平均水平的基地数量仅占36.36%,但粮食产量占全部基地县粮食总产量的64.74%;②粮食生产基本上形成了以玉米、大豆、水稻为主的生产能力格局,粮食总产的区域差异小于分品种粮食作物内部的区域差异;③从省域尺度看,粮食总产高于平均水平的基地县84.6%分布在黑龙江和吉林两省,粮食生产布局的区域化、专业化趋势明显,大宗粮食作物进一步向产粮大县集中;④从区域尺度看,粮食总产的空间格局高低交错,集中在以松嫩平原中部黑土区、辽河平原和三江平原为重心的平原地区,有由中部平原地区向周边递减的趋势。回归分析表明,播种面积的区域差异是导致商品粮基地县粮食总产区域分异的主要原因,农业现代化水平对其具有重要影响。应加强商品粮基地建设,加大中低产田的改造力度,走以提高粮食单产来提高粮食综合生产能力的内涵式发展道路。     

Towards a framework for assessment and management of cumulative human impacts on marine food webs

Effective ecosystem‐based management requires understanding ecosystem responses to multiple human threats, rather than focusing on single threats. To understand ecosystem responses to anthropogenic threats holistically, it is necessary to know how threats affect different components within ecosystems and ultimately alter ecosystem functioning. We used a case study of a Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) food web and expert knowledge elicitation in an application of the initial steps of a framework for assessment of cumulative human impacts on food webs. We produced a conceptual seagrass food web model, determined the main trophic relationships, identified the main threats to the food web components, and assessed the components’ vulnerability to those threats. Some threats had high (e.g., coastal infrastructure) or low impacts (e.g., agricultural runoff) on all food web components, whereas others (e.g., introduced carnivores) had very different impacts on each component. Partitioning the ecosystem into its components enabled us to identify threats previously overlooked and to reevaluate the importance of threats commonly perceived as major. By incorporating this understanding of system vulnerability with data on changes in the state of each threat (e.g., decreasing domestic pollution and increasing fishing) into a food web model, managers may be better able to estimate and predict cumulative human impacts on ecosystems and to prioritize conservation actions.     

城市移动通信基站电磁辐射环境调查与评价——以连云港为例

对连云港移动通信基站电磁辐射环境进行现状调查与评价,将3个时段内移动基站电磁辐射监测数据进行统计分析和分区评价。结果表明,监测数据均能符合相应的环境标准,县域电磁环境辐射水平整体略低于城市区域,基站周边整体受电磁辐射影响程度随高度上升呈增加趋势,10 m～15 m高度处的综合场强平均峰值最高。