Determination of antibiotics in sewage from hospitals, nursery and slaughter house, wastewater treatment plant and source water in Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir in China

Sewage samples from 4 hospitals, 1 nursery, 1 slaughter house, 1 wastewater treatment plant and 5 source water samples of Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir were analyzed for macrolide, lincosamide, trimethoprim, fluorouinolone, sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics by online solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the concentration of ofloxacin (OFX) in hospital was the highest among all water environments ranged from 1.660 μg/L to 4.240 μg/L and norfloxacin (NOR, 0.136-1.620 μg/L), ciproflaxacin (CIP, ranged from 0.011 μg/L to 0.136 μg/L), trimethoprim (TMP, 0.061-0.174 μg/L) were commonly detected. Removal range of antibiotics in the wastewater treatment plant was 18-100% and the removal ratio of tylosin, oxytetracycline and tetracycline were 100%. Relatively higher removal efficiencies were observed for tylosin (TYL), oxytetracycline (OXY) and tetracycline (TET)(100%), while lower removal efficiencies were observed for Trimethoprim (TMP, 1%), Epi-iso-chlorotetracycline (EICIC, 18%) and Erythromycin-H₂O (ERY-H₂O, 24%). Antibiotics were removed more efficiently in primary treatment compared with those in secondary treatment.     

三峡库区区域经济形势及其发展战略探讨

长江三峡工程是举世瞩目的大型水利水电工程，库区的经济发展问题与相关生态环境问题同样引人关注。三峡库区经济的发展不仅有利于整个长江上游地区的全面发展，而且关系到库区百万移民的生计和社会稳定的大局。基于区域经济理论，运用SWOT方法对三峡库区经济发展的现状进行了分析评价。通过库区经济发展优势、劣势、机遇和挑战因素的客观分析，结果发现，特色生态农业、沿江旅游、物流业将成为库区产业的优先发展方向，与民生相关的移民安稳致富、城乡统筹发展等政策则成为库区经济战略的重要选择。旨在进一步整合库区资源、优化产业结构、提高经济增长质量、提升整体经济实力，为库区制定具针对性的区域经济发展战略提供有益参考。
     

Geochemical processes of mercury in Wujiangdu and Dongfeng reservoirs, Guizhou, China

The geochemical processes of mercury in Dongfeng (DF) and Wujiangdu (WJD) reservoirs, which were constructed in 1992 and 1979, respectively in Wujiang River, which is the upper branch of Yangtze River were investigated. One sampling site was chosen upriver of 1 km from the dam for each reservoir. Three sampling campaigns were conducted at these sampling sites in December 2003, April 2004 and July 2004, respectively. The distributions of different mercury species in the water column, sediment, and sediment pore water were studied. We found that the sediment is the net source of both inorganic and MeHg to the water column for both reservoirs. The MeHg diffusion fluxes in WJD reservoir at all sampling campaigns were significantly higher than those in DF reservoir. Our study demonstrated that the high primary productivity in the reservoir produced elevated organic matter content that would favor the methylmercury production in sediment.     

三峡水库汞活化效应对鱼汞含量影响的预测

报道了三峡库区长江干流江段鱼体汞元素的含量范围为０．０４￣０．４２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（湿重）,高于长江水系鱼体汞含量水平。分析了三峡库区鱼体汞含量高的原因,指出三峡库区毗邻武陵山高汞背景区,主要受汞矿开发、高汞燃煤及城市废弃物排放的影响。利用水库汞活化指数模型,预测三峡水库蓄水后库区干流及４０条主要支流水域汞的活化效应将增强０．３５￣１．５倍,鱼体汞含量将是现在鱼汞含量的１．４￣２．５倍;并根据不同鱼种汞     

从我国“98”南北洪水看山西防洪问题

从我国“９８”洪灾的惨重经济损失中认为,除了气候因素外,生态环境遭到人为破坏是致灾的主要原因。以此为鉴,结合山西实际,分析了山西防洪中存在的问题及根治洪患的举措     

长江流域的鱼类资源及其保护对策

长江水系的鱼类约有300种,其中鲤科鱼类占半数以上,主要的经济鱼类多数属于鲤科。对不同江段的鱼类资源作了简介,并提出了相应的保护措施。上游江段以维护生物多样性,保护特有种为主,需要建立鱼类自然保护区;中游应保证主要经济鱼类的自然繁殖条件,加强珍稀鱼类的人工繁殖放流工作,同时对湖泊幼鱼资源进行保护;下游应注意保持江水质量,严格遵守工业废水排放标准;河口江段应规定幼鲟保护期,建议每年6月15日至7月31日停止一切损害幼鲟资源的渔捞作业。     

三峡库区重庆段鲶鱼和鲤鱼体内持久性有机污染物分析

为了了解三峡库区重庆段水体中持久性有机污染物的生物富集情况,对该水体部分鱼类样品进行了分析。分析结果显示三峡库区重庆段水体中的部分持久性有机污染物已经在鲶鱼和鲤鱼体内形成富集,其检出浓度较之水体中对应浓度要高出2~4个数量级。     

山西省水资源综合开发利用的重点与途径

山西省是缺水的能源大省。从地表水、地下水、过境水和边界水等不同利用类型水体的开发利用 ,以及节约用水、污水净化和废水的重复利用等五个方面 ,论述了山西省水资源综合开发利用的重点与途径。     

官厅水库沉积物表层中的有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价

采用气相色谱法对北京市官厅水库沉积物表层中持久性有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况进行了调查,并对有机氯农药污染水平和生态风险作出评价。结果表明:沉积物中有机氯农药总含量为8.48 ng/g～24.40 ng/g,其中HCHs和DDTs的含量较高,分别为1.11 ng/g～7.73 ng/g和2.97 ng/g～10.52 ng/g,其组分特征为来自环境的残留。与沉积物风险评估低值(ERL)和风险评估中值(ERM)对比评价沉积物中有机污染物的风险程度,官厅水库沉积物表层中的有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险。     

基于事故树的三峡库区水体污染公共安全事件诱因分析

三峡库区蓄水后对长江水体自净能力的极大削弱，沿江聚集的各类生产、生活活动对长江水质的多渠道污染极易引发库区各类水体污染公共安全事件。结合对库区水体污染公共安全事件多维度诱发因素的调研结果，运用事故树的分析方法对三峡库区水体污染公共安全事件的逐级诱发过程进行分析。研究表明：存在13条诱发库区水体污染公共安全事件的路径以及3条防治水体污染公共安全事件的路径；在不考虑诱因发生概率的情况下，排污因素是诱发库区水体污染公共安全事件最重要、最根本的因素，促成库区水体自净能力下降的回水区变长，水流紊动减弱和水位抬升三方面因素是次重要的诱发因素。只有对不同的诱因施行不同的监测和控制策略，才能对库区水体污染公共安全事件开展有效预警、预控.