长江经济带产业分工合作现状、问题及发展对策

在梳理长江经济带产业分工与合作现状及问题的基础上,认为长江经济带区际产业发展的互补特征鲜明,下游地区服务业发展较为完善,中上游地区特色产业突出;但也存在市场化程度发育偏低、要素流动不畅、行政区经济严重制约、中心城市产业高度偏低、区域创新能力不足等问题。还根据未来长江经济带产业分工合作的基本思路,提出应发挥下游优势产业的引领带动作用、打造行业龙头骨干企业的辐射结盟作用、加强产业园区的创新示范作用等若干对策建议。     

长江经济带研究文献分析

长江经济带是我国国土空间开发最重要的东西轴线,近年来推动长江经济带发展逐步上升为新一轮的国家战略。而自长江经济带初步构想于20世纪80年代提出以来,我国学者对长江经济带进行了诸多方面的研究。通过相关研究的文献分析,了解分析文献来源规律,梳理总结文献研究内容,有利于相关学术研究的推进。在查阅了大量相关文献的基础上,首先对文献来源进行分析,接着对长江经济带的概念与范围进行了辨析,再从发展战略、产业发展、交通建设、区域经济差异、区域空间结构、区域协调与合作、地区与长江经济带关系与生态环境等8个方面的对文献内容进行归纳总结与探讨,最后从加强交流合作、宏观微观结合、经典理论应用、关注交通研究、流域联动机制及视野动态开阔等方面对新时期长江经济带研究进行展望。     

An Interpretive Study of Yosemite National Park Visitors’ Perspectives Toward Alternative Transportation in Yosemite Valley

The National Park Service (NPS) is increasingly focusing on alternative transportation systems in national parks to address environmental and social problems arising from a historical reliance on personal automobiles as the primary means of visitor access. Despite the potential advantages, alternative transportation may require a reorientation in the way that Americans have experienced national parks since the advent of auto-tourism in the early twentieth century. Little research exists, however, on visitor perspectives towards alternative transportation or the rationale underlying their perspectives. It remains unclear how transportation systems affect visitors’ experiences of the park landscape or the factors influencing their travel behavior in the parks. This report presents an interpretive study of visitor perspectives toward transportation management in the Yosemite Valley area of Yosemite National Park, California. Qualitative analysis of 160 semi-structured interviews identified individual psychological factors as well as situational influences that affect visitors’ behavior and perspectives. Individual psychological factors include perceived freedom, environmental values and beliefs, prior experience with Yosemite National Park and other national parks, prior experience with alternative transportation in national parks, and sensitivity to subjective perceptions of crowding. Situational factors included convenience, access, and flexibility of travel modes, as well as type of visit, type of group, and park use level. Interpretive communication designed to encourage voluntary visitor use of alternative transportation should focus on these psychological and situational factors. Although challenges remain, the results of this study suggest approaches for shaping the way Americans visit and experience their national parks to encourage environmental sustainability.     

Source identification, contamination status and health risk assessment of heavy metals from road dusts in Dhaka, Bangladesh

In this study, concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined in road dusts collected from different locations in Dhaka to assess source, contamination status and health risk. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb and their mean concentrations were 162.27 ± 29.46, 721.18 ± 180.14, 35.65 ± 12.55, 104.56 ± 128.33, 515.32 ± 321.90, BDL, and 342.82 ± 591.20 mg/kg, respectively. Among the heavy metals, highest concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb were found at urban sites-7 (municipal waste dumping) and 8 (medical waste incineration). Highest concentration of Cr followed by Cu and Zn was found at site-5 (Tejgaon, urban). Principal component analysis revealed that anthropogenic activities are the potential sources for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb while earth crust for Mn. Pollution index and pollution load index results suggested that all the sites were contaminated and/or degraded by Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb except sites-9 (urban), 10 (sub-urban), 11 (rural) while sites-7 and 8 (urban) were extremely degraded. For noncarcinogenic health risk, hazard quotient values for dermal were higher compared to that of inhalation/ingestion. Though hazard index values were less than 1 at all the sites, these were at least one order of magnitude higher for children group than that of adult group, thus the children group may face more noncarcinogenic health risk at sites-7 and 8. Values of incremental lifetime cancer risk were from 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻¹¹ showed no carcinogenic health risk by road dusts contaminated with the heavy metals.     

不同施肥措施下长江经济带地区农田土壤有机碳含量的变化分析

收集整理1992年1月至2022年5月长江经济带地区长期定位施肥试验文献,提取并整合了其中农田土壤有机碳的资料.采用归一化处理和变化速率的分析方法,研究长期不同施肥措施下长江经济带地区农田土壤有机碳含量的总体变化,并比较3种耕作模式及不同土壤类型下土壤有机碳含量的变化差异,判断分析试验持续年限长短对土壤有机碳动态的影响.结果表明,在长期不同施肥措施下,我国长江经济带地区农田土壤有机碳含量整体呈上升趋势,无机氮肥磷肥配施(NP)、无机氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、单独施用有机肥(O)和有机无机肥配施(NPKO)处理均能增加农田土壤的有机碳含量,其中以NPKO处理为最大,而单独施用无机氮肥(N)则会降低土壤有机碳含量.旱田、水田和水旱轮作农田土壤有机碳含量变化速率分别为0.22、 0.24和0.16g·(kg·a)^-1,3种耕作模式在土壤固碳效果方面并无显著性差异.O和NPKO处理下所带来的有机碳相对快速增加效应在旱田土壤中的持续年限最高不超过28 a,而在水田及水旱轮作土壤中依然可以持续到28 a以上.在不同的土壤类型下,土壤有机碳含量的变化速率存在着一定的差异,平均有机...     

长江经济带二氧化碳净排放时空演变特征及脱钩效应

研究区域CO₂净排放,对“碳中和”战略的实现具有重要意义.以长江经济带为例,在揭示1999～2018年长江经济带CO₂净排放时空演变特征的基础上,分析长江经济带不同区域社会发展与CO₂净排放的脱钩效应,以期为差异化区域产业发展和碳减排路径提供支持.结果表明：(1)1999～2012年长江经济带CO₂排放量上升了2 244.23×10⁶ t,碳汇量在研究时间段增长了148.07×10⁶ t;(2)长江经济带呈现“变绿”趋势,2013～2018年中高碳汇量区域(NPP>800 g·m^-2,以C计)面积较1999～2012年上升了23.25%;(3)长江经济带下游经济社会发展与CO₂净排放脱钩效应较强,上、中和下游强脱钩城市占长江经济带强脱钩城市的比例分别为12%、34%和54%.     

“一带一路”沿线国家粮食生产的时空格局分析

“一带一路”倡议是新时代下全球化发展的必然结果。粮食作为一种重要的战略资源,其生产对“一带一路”沿线国家乃至全球粮食安全意义重大。通过对沿线国家粮食生产数量、结构等方面的深入剖析,揭示了“一带一路”沿线国家近40年来粮食生产的时空格局。结果表明：（1）“一带一路”沿线国家是世界粮食的重要产区,粮食产量占全球比例50%~60%左右,1977-2016年粮食产量呈增长趋势,单产是其粮食总产增长的主要影响因素。1995-2016年人均粮食产量有所提高但国别差异显著,人粮关系逐步改善,区域粮食保障程度整体增强。（2）“一带一路”沿线国家粮食生产存在明显的地域差异,空间格局相对稳定,中国、印度、俄罗斯是其主要粮食生产国,东南亚和南亚国家的粮食产量普遍较高,阿拉伯半岛国家的粮食产量相对较低。（3）稻谷、小麦和玉米是“一带一路”沿线国家主要粮食作物,稻谷对粮食总产变化的贡献最大,1977-2016年玉米占比不断增加,三大作物区域分布特征明显。     

Effect on fatality risk of changing from secondary to primary seat belt enforcement

BACKGROUND: Most seat belt use laws originally passed in the United States contained language restricting enforcement to drivers already stopped for some other reason. States that have since removed this secondary enforcement restriction have reported increased seat belt use. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the effect of these law changes on driver fatality rates. METHOD: Trends in passenger vehicle driver death rates per billion miles traveled were compared for 10 states that changed from secondary to primary seat belt enforcement and 14 states that remained with secondary enforcement. RESULTS: After accounting for possible economic effects and other general time trends, the change from secondary to primary enforcement was found to reduce annual passenger vehicle driver death rates by an estimated 7% (95% confidence limits 3.0-10.9). CONCLUSION: The majority of U.S. states still have secondary enforcement laws. If these remaining secondary laws were amended, an estimated 696 deaths per year could be prevented.     

Driving anger among motor vehicle drivers in China: A cross-sectional survey

Objective: Driving anger is a common emotion while driving and has been associated with traffic crashes. This study aimed to investigate situations that increase driving anger among Chinese drivers.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 3,101 drivers in southern China. The translated version of the 33-item Driving Anger Scale (DAS) was used to measure driving anger. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews between June 2016 and September 2016.

Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit of the original 6-factor model (discourtesy, traffic obstacles, hostile gestures, slow driving, illegal driving, and police presence) was satisfactory, after removing 2 items and allowing 5 error pairs to covary. The model showed satisfactory fit: goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.90, incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.90, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.06, 90% confidence interval (CI) = 0.061–0.064. Driving anger among Chinese drivers was lower than that in some Western countries. Compared to older and experienced drivers, younger and new drivers were more likely to report driving anger. There was no difference in total reported driving anger between males and females. Additionally, the higher the driver’s anger level was, the more likely he or she was to have had a traffic crash.

Conclusion: Driving anger is a common emotion among Chinese drivers and has a strong correlation with aggressive driving behavior and traffic crashes.     

Evidence for division of labor in the social caterpillar Eucheira socialis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The caterpillars of Eucheira socialis westwoodi cooperatively spin and maintain a hollow silken nest and an elaborate network of silken foraging trails on their host plant, madrone (Arbutus spp.: Ericaceae). Nests typically contain several hundred larvae. Two populations are known to harbor a sex ratio distorter. The primary sex ratio in these two populations for four generations has been exceedingly male biased (64–79% male). Lepidoptera larvae are easily sexed using external morphology, allowing us to uniquely mark male and female larvae and to assemble larval groups of particular sex ratios. We report here the results of experiments on sex-specific larval behavior and physiology and the effect of colony sex ratio on individual behavior. We found that male larvae spent more time spinning silk on the nest and less time feeding than female larvae. Males were the first to emerge from the nest and the first to venture out along trails to feed. Male-biased nests had a significantly greater amount of silk deposited on their surfaces than female-biased nests. In the field, male-biased nests produced heavier male and female pupae than female-biased nests. Male and female larvae in 75% male nests became active earlier than males and females in other sex ratio treatments. Received: 11 September 1998 / Received in revised form: 24 February 1999 / Accepted: 27 March 1999