天然高寒草地转变为混播人工草地对土壤微生物群落特征的影响

为了研究天然高寒草地转变为混播人工草地对土壤微生物群落的影响,采用高通量测序技术分析了青海省共和县的天然以及由天然转变为混播人工草地样地土壤中的微生物群落.结果表明,天然草地转变为混播人工草地后植被物种多样性和土壤有机质含量显著下降(P<0.05).在两块样地共检测到29个细菌门和11个真菌门的微生物.天然草地转变为人工草地后,土壤细菌的多样性显著升高,细菌的香农指数从9.51增加到9.89;土壤真菌的多样性降低但差异不显著.与天然草地相比,人工草地的土壤细菌与真菌群落结构、组成均发生了明显的变化,细菌群落结构与总有机质的含量、总氮含量和土壤含水量显著相关,真菌群落结构与总有机质含量和土壤含水量显著相关.线性判别分析(LEfSe)结果表明,暗黑菌门细菌(Atribacteria)和子囊菌门真菌(Ascomycota)可作为天然草地的指示微生物类群,出芽菌属细菌(Gemmata)和发菌科真菌(Trichocomaceae)可作为人工草地的指示微生物类群.利用Tax4Fun2对细菌群落功能的预测发现,天然草地向人工草地的转变影响了细菌群落对不同碳源的利用潜力.     

黑河中游边缘绿洲农田退耕还草的土壤碳、氮固存效应

研究黑河中游边缘绿洲农田退耕种植苜蓿5a后土壤碳、氮库的变化,通过对2个土类(开垦耕种的风沙土和灰棕漠土)退耕苜蓿地和相邻农田0～5、5～10和10～20cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)、颗粒有机碳和氮(POC、PON)储量的分析表明:开垦耕种的风沙土和灰棕漠土有极低的SOC和TN含量,退耕种植苜蓿后0～20cm SOC储量提高了22.1%～27.8%,SOC的固存率平均为0.47 Mg/(hm²·a),0～5cm表层SOC储量变化最大,提高32%～66%;TN储量0～20cm储量变化不显著,在0～5cm表层TN储量风沙土和灰棕漠土分别提高12.8%和48.1%.退耕后POC和PON较SOC和TN有更显著的变化,其分配比例增加,0～20cm土层POC和PON储量分别提高22.8%～42.7%和18.6%～57.6%,在0～5cm变化最大;在瘠薄耕地转变为多年生苜蓿地后土壤C库的增加主要是由于POC的形成量增加.SOC含量相对更低的灰棕漠土比风沙土退耕后土壤C、N的增加更为明显.     

玛纳斯河流域荒漠草地沙化遥感监测研究

以1989—2016年玛纳斯河流域TM/OLI遥感影像为数据源,利用混合像元分解技术,计算玛纳斯河流域草地总覆盖度和裸沙面积。在此基础上通过监测年与基期年的比较,计算草地覆盖度相对基期年的减少率和裸沙面积相对基期年的增加率两个监测指标,依据《天然草地退化、沙化、盐渍化的分级指标》(GB 19377—2003),对计算出的两个指标分别进行沙化等级评定和赋值,将两种评定结果相综合来监测草地沙化。结果表明,玛纳斯河流域近30年来荒漠草地沙漠化总体呈现先增加后降低的趋势。分析表明,玛纳斯河流域草地沙化是人为和自然因素双重作用的结果。     

The role of agri‐environment schemes in conservation and environmental management

Over half of the European landscape is under agricultural management and has been for millennia. Many species and ecosystems of conservation concern in Europe depend on agricultural management and are showing ongoing declines. Agri‐environment schemes (AES) are designed partly to address this. They are a major source of nature conservation funding within the European Union (EU) and the highest conservation expenditure in Europe. We reviewed the structure of current AES across Europe. Since a 2003 review questioned the overall effectiveness of AES for biodiversity, there has been a plethora of case studies and meta‐analyses examining their effectiveness. Most syntheses demonstrate general increases in farmland biodiversity in response to AES, with the size of the effect depending on the structure and management of the surrounding landscape. This is important in the light of successive EU enlargement and ongoing reforms of AES. We examined the change in effect size over time by merging the data sets of 3 recent meta‐analyses and found that schemes implemented after revision of the EU's agri‐environmental programs in 2007 were not more effective than schemes implemented before revision. Furthermore, schemes aimed at areas out of production (such as field margins and hedgerows) are more effective at enhancing species richness than those aimed at productive areas (such as arable crops or grasslands). Outstanding research questions include whether AES enhance ecosystem services, whether they are more effective in agriculturally marginal areas than in intensively farmed areas, whether they are more or less cost‐effective for farmland biodiversity than protected areas, and how much their effectiveness is influenced by farmer training and advice? The general lesson from the European experience is that AES can be effective for conserving wildlife on farmland, but they are expensive and need to be carefully designed and targeted.     

刈割对香港草地干物质生产的影响

研究了刈割频率对香港草地于物质生产的影响。结果表明，刈割使干物质生产量下降，刈割频率越高生产量下降越大。禾本科植物受刈割影响比木本和非禾本科草本植物大，且停止刚割一年后生物量仍低于对照点。认为常年刈割是华南草地生产力下降的重要原因之一。     

风蚀条件下人类活动对高寒草地水分保持功能影响的定量模拟

青藏高原是我国重要的生态屏障,具有重要的水源涵养功能。高寒草地生态系统退化将严重地影响高原的水源涵养功能。为了定量研究人类活动对青藏高原高寒草地水分保持功能的影响,采用大型风洞实验,模拟人类不同的干扰方式和干扰程度对高寒草地土壤水分保持功能的影响。实验样品采自青藏高原三个草地类型:高寒草甸、草原化草甸和高寒草原。干扰方式包括破坏草地地上部分和根系,干扰程度包括轻干扰、中度干扰、重度干扰和全部破坏。实验结果表明,地上部分破坏后,土壤含水率均有下降,降幅分别为:QZ1为6.9%～9.2%、QZ2为6.8%～10.1%、QZ3为9%～10%;当根系遭到破坏后土壤含水率的降幅则分别为:QZ1为16%～30%,QZ2为17.25～32.1%,QZ3为22%～50%,显然,根系破坏后土壤含水率降幅远大于地表植被破坏后的情形。因此,植被根系是高寒草地水分保持功能的关键。随着干扰程度的加剧,土壤含水率在迅速下降。从试验模拟结果看,三个草地类型中土壤水分保持功能分别是高寒草甸>草原化草甸>高寒草原。     

松嫩草原黄墩蚁〔Lasisus flavus (Fabricius)〕对土壤理化性质的影响

黄墩蚁是松嫩草原土壤动物优势类群中唯一的大型土壤动物,是研究羊草草原分解者亚系统中大型土壤动物功能及作用机理的理想对象.本文研究了黄墩蚁筑巢活动对土壤物理和化学性质的影响,结果表明,黄墩蚁的筑巢活动改变了土壤颗粒的粒径分布,土壤的孔隙度增加,也明显阻止了盐分的上泛,同时增加了土壤中有机质、速效氮和速效磷的含量.受土壤理化性质改变的影响,蚁丘周围的植被组成、密度、生物量等群落特征指标也发生了较大变化.研究表明,由黄墩蚁活动引起的草原微生境的改变有利于羊草的生长和繁殖,黄墩蚁加速了羊草 虎尾草群落向羊草群落的演替,因此可以断定黄墩蚁是松嫩草原生态系统中的一个重要的干扰因子,可以利用它们这种生态作用加速退化草原的修复和重建.同时,黄墩蚁主要分布于羊草较多的生境中,对周围环境差异反应敏感,也可以作为羊草草原退化的指示物种之一.图3表2参15     

Nitrogen availability in relation to vegetation changes resulting from grass encroachment in Dutch dry dunes

The encroachment of some tall grass species in open dune vegetation, as observed in a Dutch dry dune area, is considered unfavourable from a conservation viewpoint. This paper investigates differences in vegetation and soil properties between grass-dominated and still existing open dune grassland plots at four locations along the coast. Soil properties studied include nitrogen and phosphorus pools and nitrogen availability by mineralization. Vegetation properties included are above and below-ground biomass and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in above-ground biomass. Systematic differences in N-pools between grass-dominated and open dune grassland plots were not observed. However, N-availability by mineralization and its turnover rates are higher in grass-dominated plots than in open dune grassland plots, as well as above and below-ground biomass. In open dune grassland plots, atmospheric N-input is an important source of N, whereas in grass-dominated plots mineralization largely exceeds atmospheric N-input. However, these observations do not explain the mosaic-like vegetation pattern. Grazing intensity is most likely the determinant factor in the dry dune system. It is concluded, that grass encroachment is probably triggered by atmospheric deposition and is enhanced by positive feedbacks in the N-cycle. The relevance of these results for restoration management is briefly discussed.     

草坪绿地对土壤温度的调节作用

在冬半年,对南宁市郊草坪绿地和空旷裸地土壤温度的对比观测表明,０、５、１０、１５、２０ｃｍ土层中的温度日较差、草坪绿地依次为９．６、２．７、１．６、ｌ．０、０．６℃,相应比空旷裸地(１２．８、５．７、３．２、１．９、１．３℃)分别低３．２、３．０、１．６、０．９、０．７℃,并随土层深度的增加,日较差逐渐减少。研究结果显示草坪绿地缓热降温、降低土温日较差的效果比空旷裸地更为显著。     

若尔盖西部草甸的基本类型、特点及近几十年来的变化

2000年8月对若尔盖西部草地的调查，确定了该地18个草丛类型（不包括典型的沼泽植被）。经群丛间Pearson最大相关系数配合生境作图，将该地区的草地群丛分成3大类，即沼生草地，中生性草甸和旱生性草地。各群丛的SW指数，物种丰富度，地上生物量，裸地面积按照生境序列作图，显示中性草甸具有最高的物种丰富度和地上生物量。群丛C和J分别是沼生和旱生植被与中生性草甸之间的拐点式过渡类型，其物种丰富度明显比周期的群丛低，生境转换关键种分别为鹅绒委陵菜和垂穗披碱草。在草地物种组成上，杂类草占81．3％，莎草类仅占6．8％；群丛建群种方面，杂类草占61％，莎草类占28％；在次优势种方面，杂类草和禾草所占比重都有所增加。草原成分出现在丛中生至旱生的群丛中，在有些群丛中甚至成为次优势种。沼泽消退，黄河河道附近沙化以及过牧的阳坡山地生长带刺的旱生化植被，说明当地正经历着干旱化的过程，原因不仅有自然的还有人为的，特别是草地的过度使用。最后对当地草场的管理及发展提出了一些建议。图3表2参20