Assessing the capacity of biochar to stabilize copper and lead in contaminated sediments using chemical and extraction methods

Because of its high adsorption capacity, biochar has been used to stabilize metals when remediating contaminated soils; to date, however, it has seldom been used to remediate contaminated sediment. A biochar was used as a stabilization agent to remediate Cu- and Pb-contaminated sediments, collected from three locations in or close to Beijing. The sediments were mixed with a palm sawdust gasified biochar at a range of weight ratios (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) and incubated for 10, 30, or 60?days. The performance of the different treatments and the heavy metal fractions in the sediments were assessed using four extraction methods, including diffusive gradients in thin films, the porewater concentration, a sequential extraction, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. The results showed that biochar could enhance the stability of heavy metals in contaminated sediments. The degree of stability increased as both the dose of biochar and the incubation time increased. The sediment pH and the morphology of the metal crystals adsorbed onto the biochar changed as the contact time increased. Our results showed that adsorption, metal crystallization, and the pH were the main controls on the stabilization of metals in contaminated sediment by biochar.     

废水稳定塘串联组合系统在冲击负荷下的试验与数学模拟

本文通过室内试验揭示了稳定塘串联系统较之单塘系统具有较高的抗冲击负荷能力。建立了描述稳定塘串联系统动态特性的数学模型,并应用计算机对有机物浓度冲击负荷和流量冲击负荷下的串联组合系统进行模拟,验证并发展了室内试验的结论:稳定塘的串联组合系统对有机物浓度冲击负荷和进水流量冲击负荷均具有缓冲能力。      

污水稳定塘污泥降解规律的研究

选择具有代表性的污水稳定塘,测量和分析了其污泥的淤积情况和降解规律。研究结果表明:污泥在稳定塘中的纵深分布随污泥深度的增加,总固体逐渐增加,而挥发性固体逐渐减少;稳定塘中的污泥降解符合由室内静态模拟得出的污泥降解规律的数学模型。      

重金属污染土壤稳定化修复效果评估方法分析

重金属是工业生产的废弃物,可随着雨水渗透至低处,通过在植物体内聚集停留于土壤,导致土壤退化,农作物品质降低。同时,还会污染地下水,恶化水文环境,威胁人类生命。本文首先分析了重金属污染土壤的来源和现状,然后分析了重金属污染土壤的特点和危害,最后探讨了污染土壤稳定化修复效果的评估方法和二次污染防治,以供参考。     

Immobilization of potentially toxic metals using different soil amendments

The in situ stabilization of potentially toxic metals (PTMs), using various easily available amendments, is a cost-effective remediation method for contaminated soils. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of apatite and a commercial mixture of dolomite, diatomite, smectite basaltic tuff, bentonite, alginite and zeolite (Slovakite) on Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd stabilization by means of decreasing their bioavailability in contaminated soil from an old lead and zinc smelter site in Arnoldstein, Austria. We also investigated the impact of 5% (w/w) apatite and Slovakite applications on soil functionality and quality, as assessed by glucose-induced soil respiration, dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase activity. Both amendments resulted in increased soil pH and decreased PTM potential bioavailability assessed by diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid extraction and by sequential extractions in the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions. The efficiency of stabilization was reflected in the soil respiration rate and in enzymatic activity. The β-glucosidase activity assay was the most responsive of them.     

不溶性淀粉黄原酸盐聚丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物除铜降浊研究

分别以含Cu2 模拟废水和电镀废水为对象,研究了不溶性淀粉黄原酸盐聚丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物(ISXA)去除Cu2 和降低浊度的能力.论述了该药剂去除Cu2 和降低浊度的优点和机理,探讨了去除Cu 2 的影响因素,如投药量、pH和反应时间.试验表明:(1)对于电镀废水,在5.5倍理论投药量、pH为5.0、反应10 min的条件下,Cu2 去除率为98.89%;当pH≥7时,含Cu2 残渣稳定;在2 mol/L的盐酸和硝酸溶液中浸泡6 h含Cu2 残渣,Cu2 回收率为93.08%;(2)对于含Cu2 模拟废水,在4.5倍理论投药量、pH为5.0、反应10 min的条件下,Cu2 去除率可达99.14%,除Cu2 和降浊存在协同作用.     

The Journal of Coastal Conservation, 1995–2004

This paper concludes the publication of theJournal of Coastal Conservation from 1995–2004 after the European Coastal Union and the Publishers decided to terminate the production of the journal. We look back at the 206 research papers published in this period while concentrating on Geographical and ecological variation, Focuses and trends, and Progress in European coastal conservation and management. Three indices are added: (1) a list of the 206 papers; (2) an Author Index; and (3) a Subject Index based on the titles, keywords and some additional important subjects found in the tables and figures.     

Early development of vegetation in restored dune plant microhabitats on a nourished beach at Ocean City, New Jersey

Topography and vegetation of restored dunes on a developed barrier island were examined after a large-scale beach nourishment project. Restoration began in 1993 using sand-trapping fences andAmmophila breviligulata Fern. plantings. Subsequent growth of dunes was favored by installing new fences and suspending beach raking to accommodate nesting birds. Plant species richness, percent cover of vegetation, and height ofA. breviligulata were sampled in 1999 on seven shore perpendicular transects in six dune microhabitats (backdune, primary crest, mid-foredune, swale, seaward-most fenced ridge, incipient dune on the backbeach). A total of 26 plant taxa were found at all seven sites. Richness and percent cover were greatest in the backdune and crest, especially in locations that predated the 1992 nourishment. Richness was greater where fences enhanced stabilization. Fences initially compensate for time and space and allow vegetation to develop rapidly, but maintenance nourishment is required to protect against wave erosion and ensure long-term viability of habitat. An expanded environmental gradient is an option, where beach nourishment provides space for a species-rich crest and backdune to develop, while the incipient dune remains dynamic. Options where space is restricted include a dynamic, full-sized seaward section of a naturally functioning dune (truncated gradient) or a spatially restricted sampler of a wider natural dune (compressed gradient) maintained using fences. Expanded and truncated gradients may become self-sustaining and provide examples of natural cycles of change. Compressed gradients provide greater species richness and flood protection for the available space, but habitats are vulnerable to erosion, and resident views may be impaired.     

硫化砷渣的固化/稳定化处理

为了解决硫化砷渣对环境的污染,采用了单因素分析法,研究了飞灰、三氧化二铁、PFS、磷酸钠、硫酸亚铁和水泥对硫化砷渣的固化/稳定化效果,研究结果表明:当飞灰加入量为硫化砷渣质量的9倍、水泥的加入量为硫化砷渣质量的4倍、三氧化二铁加入量为硫化砷渣质量的20%、磷酸钠加入量为硫化砷渣质量的10%时,对处理后的样品使用HJ/T 299—2007《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法硫酸硝酸法》浸出,浸出液中砷的质量浓度为1.12 mg/L,浸取液的p H值为11.5,达到了危险废物填埋污染控制标准。     

Full scale amendment of a contaminated wood impregnation site with iron water treatment residues

Iron water treatment residues are a free by-product with high concentration of iron oxides Iron water treatment residues has a large potential for arsenic sorption Soils are highly contaminated by arsenic at wood preservation sites Iron water treatment residues were added to hot spots contaminated with arsenic The addition led to significant decrease in leaching of arsenic from the contaminated soil Iron water treatment residues (Fe-WTR) are a free by-product of the treatment of drinking water with high concentration of iron oxides and potential for arsenic sorption. This paper aims at applying Fe-WTR to a contaminated site, measuring the reduction in contaminant leaching, and discussing the design of delivery and mixing strategy for soil stabilization at field scale and present a cost-effective method of soil mixing by common contractor machinery. Soil contaminated by As, Cr, and Cu at an abandoned wood impregnation site was amended with 0.22% (dw) Fe-WTR. To evaluate the full scale amendment a 100 m² test site and a control site (without amendment) were monitored for 14 months. Also soil analysis of Fe to evaluate the degree of soil and Fe-WTR mixing was done. Stabilization with Fe-WTR had a significant effect on leachable contaminants, reducing pore water As by 93%, Cu by 91% and Cr by 95% in the upper samplers. Dosage and mixing of Fe-WTR in the soil proved to be difficult in the deeper part of the field, and pore water concentrations of arsenic was generally higher. Despite water logged conditions no increase in dissolved iron or arsenic was observed in the amended soil. Our field scale amendment of contaminated soil was overall successful in decreasing leaching of As, Cr and Cu. With minor improvements in the mixing and delivery strategy, this stabilization method is suggested for use in cases, where leaching of Cu, Cr and As constitutes a risk for groundwater and freshwater.