大面积停电下配电网重要用户的应急供电策略研究

为研究电网较长时间停电环境下应急发电车与发电燃油供应协同优化调度问题,首先在电力公司管理现状基础上,通过对重要用户识别分析,按照是否自行配备发电机将重要用户进行分类,针对已经配备发电机的用户,重点考虑周期性供应燃油,对未配备发电机的用户,电力公司需紧急调度有限移动应急发电车,据此构建2阶段的移动应急发电车和油料供应模型以保证重要用户的紧急供电不会中断（第1阶段为电力公司应急发电车指派,第2阶段为加油站油料补充分配）。然后,将该调度问题转化为移动应急发电车指派问题和运油车路径问题的非线性混合模型,针对非线性目标函数和约束条件,通过引入大M法和变量替换进行线性化,得到混合整数线性规划,最小化负荷损失和成本为目标。最后,以某市电网重要用户为例,验证上述模型有效性,并通过原模型与聚类模型对比强调有限移动应急发电车的有效利用具备一定重要性。研究结果对电网公司保障应急供电具有重要指导意义。     

Zn/Cr型阴离子黏土的制备、表征及其对活性艳橙X-GN的去除性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了Zn/Cr摩尔比为1∶1～5∶1的Zn/Cr型阴离子黏土(Zn/Cr-LDHs),选取2∶1 Zn/Cr-LDHs分别在300、400、500℃条件下放入马弗炉中煅烧2 h,制备了煅烧阴离子黏土(Zn/Cr-LDO).采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、原子吸收法(ASS)、比表面积测试法(BET)对上述制备的材料结构形态进行表征.研究2∶1 Zn/Cr-LDHs和Zn/Cr-LDO在紫外和避光条件下对活性艳橙X-GN的去除.实验表明,2∶1 Zn/Cr-LDHs的吸附效果不受紫外光照射的影响,煅烧后形成的Zn/Cr-LDO在紫外光的照射下,对活性艳橙X-GN的去除率是避光条件下的2倍,说明煅烧后的Zn/Cr阴离子黏土具有光催化性能,Zn/Cr-LDO对活性艳橙X-GN的去除是吸附和光催化的共同作用.     

海洋酸化对大型海藻生长以及磷酸盐、硝酸盐吸收利用的影响

CO2浓度升高导致的海洋酸化会对大型海藻的生长、生理生态以及营养盐的吸收产生影响.本研究分析了3种pH条件下,3种大型海藻[孔石莼、萱藻、小珊瑚藻(钙化藻)]单养和混养的生长以及营养盐(磷酸盐PO34-和硝酸盐NO3-)的吸收利用情况.单养时,孔石莼、萱藻、小珊瑚藻的第10 d湿重增加百分比分别在pH 7.9、7.6、8.2条件下最多,并且小珊瑚藻在pH 7.6时的相对增长率显著低于在pH 8.2时的相对增长率.混养结果表明,低pH有利于萱藻生长,而高pH有利于小珊瑚藻生长.无论单养还是混养,3种pH条件下的培养液中PO34-、NO3-含量随时间延长而逐渐降低.在0～2 d培养液中PO34-含量急剧下降(降低了71.9%～99.0%),随后PO34-含量下降缓慢.单养时,孔石莼、萱藻、小珊瑚藻分别在pH 8.2、8.2、7.6时的PO34-吸收速率最高;孔石莼、小珊瑚藻分别在pH 8.2、7.6时的NO3-吸收速率最高.混养时,孔石莼+萱藻、孔石莼+小珊瑚藻、萱藻+小珊瑚藻分别在pH 7.6、8.2、8.2时的PO34-吸收速率最高;孔石莼+小珊瑚藻在pH 7.6时的NO3-吸收速率最高.小珊瑚藻单养在pH 7.6时的低生长以及营养盐(PO34-和NO3-)的高吸收速率结果表明,PO34-和NO3-的吸收与同化作用并不相偶联.尽管两种藻混养中的优势种并未因海洋酸化而改变,但藻的种类组成比例发生了变化.因此,自然环境中海洋酸化对不同海藻的生长和营养盐吸收的长期影响可能会导致藻群落结构的改变.     

1981~2017年四川省大气自净能力变化特征分析

利用四川省1981~2017年逐日地面气象观测资料和2017年1月环境监测资料,计算分析了四川省大气自净能力指数的时空变化特征及其影响因子,并初步探讨了2017年1月成都市大气自净能力指数与空气质量的关系.结果表明：四川省大气自净能力指数的分布形势以川西高原北部、川西高原南部、攀西地区、盆地西南部大气自净能力为较好到好,省内其余大部地区大气自净能力较差到差.近37a来,四川省、川西高原、攀西地区多年变化呈减弱趋势,四川盆地多年变化趋势不显著.影响因子中,四川省降水日平均大气自净能力指数小于非降水日.四川省以及各区域平均风速、通风量、风速较大日数和小风日数与大气自净能力指数呈显著正和负相关关系;混合层厚度与大气自净能力指数呈显著的正相关关系.     

Sequential (anaerobic/aerobic) biological treatment of Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry effluent

In the pulp and paper industry, lignin and other color compounds are removed by chemical agents in bleaching process. Use of chlorine-based agents results in production of degradation products which include various chloro-organic derivatives. Since these new compounds are highly chlorinated, they cause a problem in the treatment of pulp and paper industry wastewaters. Chemical precipitation, lagooning, activated sludge, and anaerobic treatment are the processes used for treating pulp and paper effluents. Furthermore, a combination of these processes is also applicable. In this study, the effluent of Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry was examined for its toxic effects on anaerobic microorganisms by anaerobic toxicity assay. Additionally, this wastewater was applied to a sequential biotreatment process consisting of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket as the anaerobic stage and a once-through completely mixed stirred tank as the aerobic stage. Results indicated that: (1) Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry wastewater exerted no inhibitory effects on the anaerobic cultures under the studied conditions, and (2) application of a sequential biological (anaerobic/aerobic) system to treat the Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Industry wastewater resulted in approximately 91% COD and 58% AOX removals at a HRT of 5 and 6.54 h for anaerobic and aerobic, respectively.     

一体式膜生物反应器污水资源化技术研究

膜生物反应器是高效的污水处理工艺,但其高气水比运行条件产生的动力消耗与国外膜组件昂贵的价格成为膜生物反应器在我国应用的主要限制因素。为此本研究采用分体曝气形式,选择国产高抗污性能PVDF中空纤维膜,设计了间歇式膜生物反应器,研究了污泥浓度、曝气量和水力停留时间对一体式膜生物反应器去除污染物效果的影响。在低气水比条件下,MBR处理生活污水的研究表明,出水COD<50mg/L,BOD<10mg/L,NH3—N<20mg/L,浊度<3NTU,悬浮固体浓度为零,优于生活杂用水水质标准(CJ25.1-89)。     

生活垃圾和医疗垃圾混烧研究

阐述了生活垃圾焚烧和医疗垃圾焚烧市场的现状;研究了垃圾的物理成分、组成元素、毒理性,以及执行标准、焚烧炉炉型等,分析了生活垃圾与医疗垃圾混烧会出现的问题;从投资估算和技术经济角度对混烧及分别处理方式的投资收益进行对比,最终得出不推荐生活垃圾和医疗垃圾混烧的结论。     

水解(酸化)-好氧工艺处理混合工业废水试验研究

水解（酸化）＋好氧工艺可以有效地用于城市污水与工业废水处理，试验研究了不同工况条件下，水解（酸化）＋好氧工艺处理混合工业废水的效果，通过投加悬浮填料对水工艺过程进行优化，使其处理系统更为有效。在总的水力停留时间分别为11.5h、14.5h、19.0h,CODCr总的平均除率分别为72.1%、76.7%、77.6%,BOD5的去除率为89.6%、90.7%、91.5%，废水经水解（酸化）处理后，BOD5／CODCr有上升趋势，水解时间3.5h、4.5h、6h对应的BOD5／CODCr比值分别提高了3％、11％、17％，表明水解（酸化）提高了混合工业废水的可生化性。针对上海市某工业区混合废水建议水解（酸化）时间控制在6h以上、好氧反应控制在10.0h。     

ZnO-ZnCr2O4混合金属氧化物的制备及其光催化降解双酚A

采用共沉淀法制备前驱体ZnCr-LDH,并在不同煅烧温度下制备ZnCr混合金属氧化物(ZnCr-MMO).同时,利用XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS、PL、UV-vis等对样品的结构、形貌、光学性能进行表征分析.最后,在模拟太阳光照射下,通过光催化降解双酚A研究材料的光催化活性.结果表明,所制备的混合金属氧化物由ZnO和ZnCr_2O_4组成,煅烧温度越高,结晶度越高;与ZnCr-LDH相比,ZnCr-MMO的紫外-可见吸收光谱在紫外和可见光范围均有较强的吸收;随着煅烧温度的升高,ZnCr-MMO荧光光谱强度先减弱后增强;与ZnCr-LDH相比,ZnCr-MMO的光催化活性明显提高,煅烧温度为700℃时制得的ZnCr-MMO光催化活性最高,对BPA的降解率达到75%;该催化剂适于处理pH为5~9的含BPA的废水.     

An advanced Driller's Method simulator for deepwater well control

Deepwater hydrocarbon reserves play an important role in the global energy industry. The safety issue which is associated with deepwater well control is one of the most crucial aspects during the well design and construction in a drilling scenario. Limited by the narrow drilling window and the long but small choke line, accurate prediction of the wellbore pressure is required to ensure a successful well control operation in deepwater. This paper focuses on the deepwater Driller's Method, developing an advanced simulator to predict the standpipe and choke pressures in deepwater horizontal well killing on the basis of “dynamic” bottom hole pressure. In order to improve the precision of the simulator, circulation temperature, gas expansion and choke line friction loss have been considered in the model. According to the data of a planned horizontal well X-2, the simulation and analysis of the behaviors of the standpipe and choke pressures during the deepwater Driller's Method well killing operation were performed with the proposed simulator. For further understanding the characteristics of the deepwater Driller's Method, it investigated the influence of some engineering parameters on the surface pressures, including seawater depth, horizontal section length, gas kick volume and killing rate. The results demonstrate that the standpipe pressure increases with seawater depth and killing rate; the peak choke pressure increases with seawater depth and gas kick volume; and the horizontal section length has a little impact on the standpipe and choke pressures. In addition, the application of the well killing case in BY-3 well, which is located in the South China Sea, has proved the validity of the simulator.