AN ASSESSMENT OF USES MADE OF A MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIR'

ABSTRACT: Data were collected from residents of a rural community at two time periods to assess attitudes toward uses made of a reservoir which had been recently constructed in the area. The findings revealed that attitudes became significantly more favorable for flood control, water supply, and recreation uses of the reservoir. Attitudes toward fish and wildlife conservation use were not significantly different over time but these uses were perceived positively at both time periods. The data were also analyzed in the context of a vested interest perspective using cross-sectional design. The findings demonstrated that the theoretical model used to guide the investigation was quite useful in predicting attitudes toward the four uses examined.     

A COMPARISON OF SOME DYNAMIC,LINEAR AND POLICY ITERATION METHODS FOR RESERVOIR OPERATION1

Within the past few years, a number of papers have been published in which stochastic mathematical programming models, incorporating first order Markov chains, have been used to derive alternative sequential operating policies for a multiple purpose reservoir. This paper attempts to review and compare three such mathematical modeling and solution techniques, namely dynamic programming, policy iteration, and linear programming. It is assumed that the flows into the reservoir are serially correlated stochastic quantities. The design parameters are assumed fixed, i.e., the reservoir capacity and the storage and release targets, if any, are predetermined. The models are discrete since the continuous variables of time, volume, and flow are approximated by discrete units. The problem is to derive an optimal operating policy. Such a policy defines the reservoir release as a function of the current storage volume and inflow. The form of the solution and some of the advantages, limitations and computational efficiencies of each of the models and their algorithms are compared using a simplified numerical example.     

RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY SAMPLING DESIGN1

ABSTRACT: The design of monitoring programs often serves as one of the major sources of error or uncertainty in water quality data. Properly designed programs should minimize uncertainty or at least provide a means by which variability can be partitioned into recognizable components. While the design of sampling programs has received recent attention, commonly employed strategies for limnological sampling of lakes may not be completely appropriate for many reservoirs. Based on NES data, reservoirs are generally larger, deeper, and morphologically more complex than natural lakes. Reservoirs also receive a majority of their inflow from a single tributary located a considerable distance from the point of outflow. The result is the establishment of marked physical, biological, and chemical gradients from headwater to dam. The existence of horizontal as well as vertical gradients, and their importance in water quality sampling design were the subject of intensive transect sampling efforts at DeGray Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir in southern Arkansas. Data collected were used to partition Variance, identify areas of similarity, and demonstrate how an equitable sampling program might be designed.     

ANALYSIS OF FIRM WATER SUPPLY UNDER COMPLEX INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS1

River basin computer simulation studies often do not properly include the complex legal and institutional factors governing water allocation. These factors include formal water rights and informal borrowing agreements among the basin water users. An attempt has been made in this study to show that such factors can be included. We also show that an optimal, integrated approach to reservoir operations in a river basin can do much to alleviate the burden of new demands placed on available water resources. The procurement of a firm water supply for a proposed coal fired power plant is analyzed as a case study. An efficient river basin simulation model is used to determine the viability of a scheme for providing an annual firm water supply to the plant, with consideration of the existing water storage and demands within the basin. Given the hydrologic sequence considered, the model results show that the proposed strategy is viable in that the required firm water supply can be realized without causing harm to decreed water users in the basin. However, integrated diversion and reservoir operations are required to assure a desirable uniform rate of delivery of reusable effluent to the power plant.     

三峡库区重庆段浮游藻类调查及水质评价

对三峡库区重庆段的浮游藻类的种类、种群密度和生物量进行了调查和分析,采用指示生物法和生物多样性指数法对三峡库区重庆段水体水质进行了评价。评价结果表明,三峡库区重庆段水体水质总体属轻度污染,并根据当地情况提出了保护水质的建议。     

长江下游某水源型水库抗生素抗性基因污染研究

抗生素抗性基因是水环境中的新型污染物.为了探究夏季时期长江下游某水源型水库抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)污染赋存特征,分别采集了水体和沉积物样本并使用高通量荧光定量PCR和实时荧光定量PCR进行研究.结果表明,长江下游水体中检测出104种ARGs,水库水体中检测出118种ARGs,沉积物中检测出124种ARGs.β-内酰胺类、多重抗药类、其他类共54种ARGs为水库中占主导的抗性基因.抗性基因绝对丰度在水体中呈现从长江下游到库内富集的趋势,这表明水环境中的ARGs在水库中富集;相对丰度特征呈现长江下游水介质与库内水介质聚类,水介质与沉积物介质聚类.水体样本的整合子(CintⅠ-1(class 1)、intⅠ-1(clinical))与其ARGs总量之间存在显著的相关性(r=0.750,p0.05;r=0.971,p0.05),说明整合子对ARGs转移和富集具有重要作用.     

水位对密云水库消落区土壤磷通量影响的模拟研究

南水北调来水引起的水库水位变化导致消落区幅带变化,这直接会影响土壤中磷的转化及通量.本研究采集了陆相和水相分别离水界面1 m和2 m处的4种土柱样品,分别用来模拟消落区淹水和落干情景.在实验室内逐步模拟水位上升或下降,模拟期为9个月,并在每隔3个月的期间收集样品进行分析测试,以研究土壤中无机磷的转化规律.结果表明,密云水库受人为干扰相对较小,与三峡库区相比消落带土壤中总磷含量偏低.模拟过程中,土壤中的无机磷含量始终占总磷含量的50%以上,即无机磷为主要形态.淹水模拟过程中,不同土柱及不同深度的土壤中铁磷的变化复杂,反映了铁磷的含量易受pH、氧化还原电位、有机质等多因素影响.落干模拟过程中,土壤中铁磷和钙磷的变化最为明显,9个月的模拟期后,铁磷的含量较初始值下降了53%~71%,钙磷在土柱表层样品中的含量逐渐减小,而在中层和下层中的含量有所上升.无论是淹水还是落干过程,离水界面1 m内的陆相和水相消落区土壤中磷的转化最为活跃.在模拟的9个月期间,水库淹水期陆相1 m内消落带土壤总磷通量为82.3 kg,铁磷通量为-30.7 kg,铝磷通量为-44.8 kg,钙磷通量为222.6 kg,总无机磷通量为126.5 kg,即消落带土壤中铁磷和铝磷有所释放或转化,而钙磷、总无机磷和总磷皆有所增加.     

酸性矿山废水影响下水库细菌群落结构特征与环境因子关系

为揭示酸性矿山废水（Acid mine drainage,AMD）影响下水库水体中细菌群落结构特征及影响因子,对贵州省兴仁市3座受AMD影响与1座未受AMD影响水库样品进行了对比研究,利用16S rDNA高通量测序技术分析揭示细菌群落结构特征,并通过冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）探明影响水体细菌群落变化的主要环境因子.结果表明,受AMD影响水库水体中各主要阳离子（Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ni²⁺）、SO₄^2-浓度及电导率值均高于未受AMD影响的水库,而DOC和pH值均低于未受AMD影响的水库.变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是受AMD影响水库水体的主要细菌门类,在3个受影响的水库中均占比95%以上.在属分类水平上,红杆菌属（Rhodobacter）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和铁氧化细菌属（Ferrovum）是受AMD影响水库水体中的主要菌属;未受AMD影响水库水体细菌群落中,放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为主要细菌门类,占比分别为48%和29%,主要菌属为发光杆菌属（Ilumatobacter）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）.分析表明,受AMD影响水库细菌群落结构特征与未受AMD影响水库细菌群落存在明显差异,推测DOC、pH及Na⁺浓度对此差异起主导作用.本研究可为科学认识受AMD影响水体微生物群落与环境因子之间的关系提供依据.     

李家河水库上游水体溶解性有机物组分与来源

以李家河水库上游水体为研究对象,运用三维荧光光谱法解析水体溶解性有机物（DOM）的来源和特性,并探讨了DOM组分干湿季变化特征及影响因素.结果表明,李家河水库上游水体DOM由3个荧光组分组成,分别为类络氨酸（220nm,270nm/300nm）、UVA类腐殖质（250nm/430nm）和类色氨酸（225nm,280nm/335nm）,其中类络氨酸为主要组分,但其含量干湿季变化不大,而UVA类腐殖质和类色氨酸含量呈现出显著的季节差异.荧光特征指数表明,李家河水库上游水体DOM的来源具有显著的陆源特征,其特征在湿季更加显著.水体DOM各荧光组分在干湿季均与TP呈正相关;在湿季,类络氨酸组分与Chl-a、浊度和COD_Mn呈正相关,而在干季无相关性.UVA类腐殖质与DOC在干湿季均存在正相关关系,且在湿季相关性（P<0.01）大于干季（P<0.05）.类色氨酸与COD_Mn相关性也表现出湿季（P<0.01）大于干季（P<0.05）的特征.     

阿哈水库枯水期入库河流可溶性氮、磷含量分布特征

以贵阳市阿哈水库五条入库河流为研究对象,研究了阿哈水库枯水期入库河流水体可溶性氮、磷含量分布特征,可溶性氮组分比例及沿程变化规律。结果表明：五条入库河流水体可溶性氮、磷含量差异较大,可溶性总氮（DTN）、可溶性总磷（DTP）平均含量分别为1.71~9.74 mg/L和0.03~0.52 mg/L。蔡冲河、烂泥沟河、金钟河受人类活动影响较大,水体DTN、DTP含量较高。不同河流水体可溶性氮组分比例差异显著,受人类活动影响小的游鱼河、白岩河,其水体可溶性氮以可溶性有机氮（DON）为主,DON占DTN的比例高达94%。受人类活动影响大的蔡冲河、烂泥沟河、金钟河则相反,以可溶性无机氮（DIN）为主。不同河流氮、磷含量自上到下游沿程波动较大,人为源造成的氮、磷污染远高于自然源。金钟河的DTN、DTP年输入量分别为97.03 t、46.64 t,对阿哈水库的DTN、DTP输入贡献最大,分别达到45%和66%。