The interplay between genetic and environmental effects on colony insularity in the clonal invasive little fire ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Wasmannia auropunctata</Emphasis>

The little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, constitutes one clonal supercolony throughout Israel, providing an opportunity to examine the effects of genotype versus environment on nestmate recognition. Intraspecific encounters among field-collected or among laboratory-maintained colonies were nonaggressive, but encounters between freshly collected and laboratory-maintained colonies were highly aggressive. Analyses of cuticular hydrocarbons revealed that freshly field-collected colonies had distinguishable profiles. Moreover, freshly collected colonies had profiles disparate from those of the same colonies after 4 months in the laboratory. These results indicate a strong interplay between genetic-based and environmentally based effects on the recognition cues. We propose that in the field the ants’ diet breadth is broad and consequently the incorporation of diet-borne substances is insufficient to mask the genetically determined cues. In the laboratory, however, the restricted diet promoted the incorporation of alien hydrocarbons at high levels, thus altering the genetically based cues to the point of alienation. These results shed a new light on the mechanisms by which environmental cues may affect label and/or template formation in ants. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

水体中铊对泥鳅外周血红细胞的遗传毒性的时效性

铊(T1)是剧毒的重金属元素,会对生态环境和人体健康造成威胁.目前各国铊的环境安全标准存在差异.本文利用泥鳅红细胞微核技术,研究泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus红细胞微核率和核异常率与铊污染时间的关系,为该技术在铊毒理研究中的可行性和铊环境安全标准提供依据.结果表明:水体铊质量浓度为0.5μg·L~(-1)下,随处理时间的延长,泥鳅红细胞微核率、核异常率显著增加,并与时间呈显著的正相关,其中微核率、核异常率分别在处理24 h和48 h时达到最大值;随后两指标逐步下降,与时间呈显著的负相关.在此铊质量浓度和处理时间内,核异常率与微核率均显著高于空白无铊对照处理,表明水体铊质量浓度0.5 μg·L~(-1)对泥鳅血红细胞具有遗传毒性.     

基于属性识别理论的城市生态安全评价——以广州市为例

城市生态安全评价可以使管理者和公众及时了解城市发展中生态环境压力的严重态势,为城市可持续发展战略的制定和生态系统的管理提供依据和指导。文章构建了由活力、组织结构、恢复力、生态系统服务功能和人类健康状况5个要素构成的城市生态安全评价指标体系。在有序分割类和属性识别准则的基础上,建立了城市生态安全评价的属性识别模型。采用层次分析法（AHP）和熵权法赋予指标权重,充分利用了主观和客观评价方法的优势。根据此模型对广州市1991—2007年间的生态安全状况进行了实证分析。结果表明城市生态安全状况呈现出,从＂较不安全级＂上升到＂临界安全＂级。在5个评价要素中,除人群健康状况外,其他4个评价要素呈现出逐年改善的趋势。属性识别理论能对事物进行有效识别和比较分析,且原理直观、计算简便、评价结果准确,在评价、预测、决策等领域中具有广泛的适用性。     

Queen acceptance and the complexity of nestmate discrimination in the Argentine ant

In most social insect species, individuals recognize and behave aggressively towards non-nestmate conspecifics to maintain colony integrity. However, introduced populations of the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, exhibit pronounced variation in intraspecific aggression denoting diversity in nestmate recognition behavior, which possibly shapes their social structure and the varying levels of unicoloniality observed among these populations. One approach to better understand differential aggression behaviors towards conspecifics and recognition cue perception and response in L. humile is to examine variation in nestmate discrimination capability among genetically distinct colonies under different social contexts. Consequently, we investigated the dynamics of queen and worker recognition in southeastern US L. humile queenless and queenright colonies by measuring rates of non-nestmate worker and queen adoption and intercolony genetic similarity. Aggression levels between colony pairs differed and were associated with non-nestmate worker, but not queen adoption. Adoption of queens and workers was a function of host colony origin, while colony queen number affected adoption of queens, but not workers, with queens more readily accepted by queenless hosts. Fecundity of adopted non-nestmate queens was comparable to that of rejected non-nestmate and host colony queens, suggesting that queen fecundity did not affect adoption decisions. Genetic similarity between colonies ranged from 30 to 77% alleles shared, with more genetically similar colonies showing lower levels of intraspecific aggression. Non-nestmate queens and workers that were more genetically similar to host colony workers were more likely to be adopted. We provide the first evidence for the role of L. humile colony queen number on queen discrimination and suggest an effect of resident queens on worker conspecific acceptance thresholds. Our findings indicate a role for genetically based cues in L. humile nestmate recognition. However, subtle discrimination capability seems to be influenced by the social context, as demonstrated by more frequent recognition errors in queenless colonies.     

图像识别技术及其在机械零件无损检测中的应用

无损检测法是一种常用的故障诊断技术,故障诊断从本质上来讲就是模式识别问题,而模式识别又可以狭义地理解为图像识别。从介绍图像、图像识别、图像识别过程和图像识别系统的基本概念着手,就几种常用图像识别方法的原理和特点进行比较,给出了CCD图像获取系统的组成。最后,结合发动机曲轴的一种自动磁粉探伤系统实例,对系统的图像处理和识别流程进行详细的讨论,并针对一般无损检测系统难以满足曲轴的检测要求和精度要求的状况,提出经过改进的一种适用于曲轴的整体无损检测系统。该系统有助于高效和完整地获取整个曲轴的图像,提高图像信息的质量,从而提高发动机曲轴表面缺陷检测的准确性和可靠性。     

Synthesis and adsorption performance of lead ion-imprinted micro-beads with combination of two functional monomers

Synthesis and high adsorption and selectivity performance of lead ion-imprinted micro-beads with combination of two functional monomers.     

多元统计在土壤重金属污染源解析中的应用

土壤中重金属污染及其防治愈来愈受重视,查明污染源是有效治理污染的前提。本文总结了近年来国内外聚类分析、主成分分析、园子分析在土壤重金属溯源中的应用。针对以往研究工作的不足和存在的问题,指出了今后土壤重金属污染源解析研究中的新思路：（1）GIS技术与多元统计相结合生成的污染专题地图,可以更好地确定污染物来源;（2）利用富...     

基于属性识别理论模型的城市大气环境质量评价——以镇江市2009年为例

通过阐述属性识别理论和变异系数,建立大气环境质量评价的属性识别理论模型,并参照国家大气环境质量标准(GB3095-1996),以镇江市环保局2009年提供的原始数据为对象,对镇江市大气环境质量进行空间上的综合评价。结果表明,镇江句容市的大气环境质量为Ⅰ级(清洁),市区、扬中市和丹阳市的大气环境质量为Ⅱ级(轻污染)。同时,属性识别理论模型计算较为简单,评价客观;结合对主要污染物平均浓度变异系数的分析,使区域间的比较更为清晰,更能反映出真实情况。     

城镇化进程中新疆塔城盆地浅层地下水化学演变特征及成因

随着经济的发展,新疆塔城盆地地下水开采量持续增大,然而研究区水文地质研究基础薄弱,盆地地下水化学演化趋势及其成因不明,这使得未来的地下水开发利用存在较大风险.本文在对盆地内地下水进行系统采样分析的基础上,基于5种水化学图对地下水化学组分进行异常识别,并对比历史水化学数据,对盆地地下水化学演变进行了深入分析.结果表明:研究区地下水阳离子以Ca~(2+)和Na~+为主,阴离子以HCO~-_3和SO_4~(2-)为主,盆地广泛分布溶解性总固体小于1.0 g·L~(-1)的淡水.从山前淋溶迁移带到地下水径流缓慢的平原区,地下水化学类型由HCO_3-Ca和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型过渡到SO_4·HCO_3-Na·Ca型.对比1979年水化学数据,城镇化进程中,由于地下水的过量开采,水位埋深下降,原来的部分排泄区变为径流区,水循环交替加快,致使研究区HCO_3型和SO_4·HCO_3型水分布面明显增加,以硫酸根和氯离子为主的高TDS水化学类型分布面积明显减少.然而在城镇周边人口密集区地下水中水氯离子和硝酸根离子明显升高,地下水TDS和总硬度呈上升趋势,地下水盐化和硬化明显.研究区地下水化学演变主要受潜水流经的含水层介质及地下水流场变化影响,另外排污沟渠污水下渗是影响地下水水质的另一个主要因素.     

对接焊缝缺陷漏磁场特征分析及识别研究

为实现钢板对接焊缝存在不同类型缺陷的识别研究,针对铁磁性焊缝的特点,探讨应用漏磁法检测钢板对接焊缝不同类型缺陷。根据漏磁检测(MFL)原理,采用有限元方法(FEM),分别建立钢板对接焊缝中可能存在的裂纹、气孔、未熔合和未焊透等缺陷的三维FEM模型。研究钢板对接焊缝包含以上不同类型缺陷时所产生的漏磁场分布特征,得到漏磁场磁感应强度水平分量和垂直分量相关对比分析曲线。仿真结果表明:漏磁法适用于钢板对接焊缝缺陷的识别研究;根据漏磁场磁感应强度分量的曲线特征,能够实现对焊缝缺陷的分类。