A natural analogue for CO2 mineral sequestration in Miocene basalt in the Kuanhsi-Chutung area, Northwestern Taiwan

In general, CO₂ sequestration by carbonation is estimated by laboratory experimentation and geochemical simulation. In this study, however, estimation is based on a natural analogue study of the Miocene basalt in the Kuanhsi-Chutung area, Northwestern Taiwan. This region has great potential in terms of geological and geochemical environments for CO₂ sequestration. Outcropping Miocene basalt in the study area shows extensive serpentinization and carbonation. The carbon stable isotopes of carbonates lie on the depleted side of the Lohmann meteoric calcite line, which demonstrates that the carbonates most probably precipitate directly from meteoric fluid, and water–rock interaction is less involved in the carbonation process. Oxygen stable isotope examinations also show much depleted ratios, representative of product formation under low temperatures (∼50–90 °C). This translates to a depth of 1–2 km, which is a practical depth for a CO₂ sequestration reservoir. According to petrographic observation and electron microprobe analysis, the diopside grains in the basalt are resistant to serpentinization and carbonation; therefore, the fluid causing alteration is likely enriched with calcium and there must be additional sources of calcium for carbon mineralization. These derived geochemical properties of the fluid support the late Miocene sandstone and enclosed basalts as having high potential for being a CO₂ sequestration reservoir. Moreover, the existing geochemical environments allow for mineralogical assemblages of ultramafic xenoliths, indicating that forsterite, orthopyroxene and feldspar minerals are readily replaced by carbonates. Based on the mineral transformation in xenoliths, the capacity of CO₂ mineral sequestration of the Miocene basalt is semi-quantitatively estimated at 94.15 kg CO₂ chemically trapped per 1 m³ basalt. With this value, total CO₂ sequestration capacity can be evaluated by a geophysical survey of the amount of viable Miocene basalt at the potential sites. Such a survey is required in the near future.     

加速碳酸化技术对城市垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属稳定性影响研究

对南方某城市生活垃圾焚烧厂新鲜焚烧飞灰对CO₂的吸收及其碳酸化的过程进行了研究,实验从水分添加量、CO₂的分压等因素,考察了飞灰中重金属Pb的稳定化效果,并利用X射线衍射实验(XRD)、扫描电镜实验(SEM)对反应机理进行了分析.结果表明,不添加水分时,焚烧飞灰对CO₂的吸收效果较差;当水分添加量大于10％时,焚烧飞灰对CO₂的吸收效果较好.焚烧飞灰对纯CO₂的吸收效果较好,空气中的CO₂含量较低,在反应1 d后吸收效果不是十分明显.XRD实验结果表明,CO₂的吸收会使焚烧飞灰中大量的Ca(OH)₂与CO₂反应转化为CaCO₃,从而降低焚烧飞灰的碱性;部分重金属的氧化物会被碳酸化成生相应的碳酸盐.SEM实验结果表明,经过碳酸化处理后的飞灰颗粒表面生成了片状和圆柱状的晶体物质.     

铝业碱性赤泥的悬浮碳化法脱碱工艺研究

研究探讨了碱性废弃物赤泥的常压悬浮碳化法脱碱绿色环保新工艺。详细研究考察了反应温度、反应时间、液固比以及CO₂通气量4个因素对赤泥脱碱效能的影响,确定了最佳工艺参数和技术条件。研究表明,在温控60℃,反应时间1.5 h,液固比为10,CO₂通气量为0.8 L/min的反应条件下,赤泥脱碱率（以Na₂O计）达到85%以上,同时得到含3%～5%碳酸盐的碱性溶液。与传统生石灰脱碱工艺相比,悬浮碳化法具有操作简便、脱碱率高、所得碱纯度高,无废弃物排放等优点,并可实现双废物(CO₂废气和赤泥废弃物)的可持续综合利用。     

CO2 mineral sequestration in oil-shale wastes from Estonian power production

In the Republic of Estonia, local low-grade carbonaceous fossil fuel--Estonian oil-shale--is used as a primary energy source. Combustion of oil-shale is characterized by a high specific carbon emission factor (CEF). In Estonia, the power sector is the largest CO(2) emitter and is also a source of huge amounts of waste ash. Oil-shale has been burned by pulverized firing (PF) since 1959 and in circulating fluidized-bed combustors (CFBCs) since 2004-2005. Depending on the combustion technology, the ash contains a total of up to 30% free Ca-Mg oxides. In consequence, some amount of emitted CO(2) is bound by alkaline transportation water and by the ash during hydraulic transportation and open-air deposition. The goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of improving the extent of CO(2) capture using additional chemical and technological means, in particular the treatment of aqueous ash suspensions with model flue gases containing 10-15% CO(2). The results indicated that both types of ash (PF and CFBC) could be used as sorbents for CO(2) mineral sequestration. The amount of CO(2) captured averaged 60-65% of the carbonaceous CO(2) and 10-11% of the total CO(2) emissions.     

Pilot scale evaluation of the BABIU process – Upgrading of landfill gas or biogas with the use of MSWI bottom ash

Biogas or landfill gas can be converted to a high-grade gas rich in methane with the use of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash as a reactant for fixation of CO₂ and H₂S. In order to verify results previously obtained at a laboratory scale with 65–90 kg of bottom ash (BA), several test runs were performed at a pilot scale, using 500–1000 kg of bottom ash and up to 9.2 N m³/h real landfill gas from a landfill in the Tuscany region (Italy). The input flow rate was altered. The best process performance was observed at a input flow rate of 3.7 N m³/(h t_BA). At this flow rate, the removal efficiencies for H₂S were approximately 99.5–99%.     

飞灰道路利用的环境风险及其时空分异特性

为在综合考虑长期风化导致的污染物释放变化、区域气候条件差异、以及参数不确定性影响下,精细评估飞灰道路基材资源化利用过程对浅层地下水资源(在饮用水质量方面)潜在风险及其时空分异特性,提出了一种综合的基于风险的方法,可用于评估碱性废料(如焚烧飞灰)部分替代公路垫层材料的回收潜力.将估算源浓度的浸出试验结果与风险评估程序中通常采用的归趋-迁移模型相结合,通过实验室浸出试验模拟未风化和风化条件下的污染物释放,采用Monte Carlo方法模拟参数不确定性对风险的影响,针对不同气候特征对环境风险区域特性的影响进行评估.结果显示:在华北地区典型气候条件下,所识别的7种目标污染物中,Zn、Cd和Pb存在暴露点预测浓度超标的可能,超标概率分别为34%、96%和7%,导致其暴露浓度(以95%分位值表征)均超标,环境风险不可忽视;碳酸化作用会使得部分污染物的溶出特性发生变化,并导致长期风险的变化,具体到碳酸化后的暴露浓度,Cd呈下降趋势,Ni和Zn基本不变或变化较小,Cr、Cu、As明显增加但仍显著低于标准限值,而Pb离子暴露浓度显著增加的同时超标情况从1倍增加到3.5倍,需要引起重点关注;由于降雨等区域差异化参数的影响,不同区域之间风险差异较大,差异最大的干旱区和半干旱区暴露浓度相差近2倍;不同区域超标的共性污染物为Zn和Cd,另外,湿润/半湿润区域还存在Pb暴露浓度超标.     

烟火材料的自燃与对策

从物质自燃现象的一般属性出发，通过对自燃加速曲线的分析，引伸出了烟火材料自燃特有的内涵。按照放热反应的不同形式对可自燃的烟火材料进行了分类。提出了发生自燃事故的统计规律以及防止事故的一些技术和管理措施。     

炭化温度对流化床飞灰制活性焦性能的影响

考察了炭化温度对流化床飞灰制活性焦性能的影响 实验表明 :炭化温度的高低对成型活性焦的性能有很大的影响 在满足其它性能的前提下 ,炭化温度的最佳范围为60 0℃— 70 0℃ ,在此条件下制得的活性焦其强度大于 95 % ,硫容为 80mgSO2 ·g- 1 ,碘值大于 5 5 0mgI·g- 1 ,收率约为 42 % ,符合活性焦的商业使用要求     

碳化条件下混凝土中钢筋腐蚀pH阈值研究

目的 确定碳化条件下几种典型缓冲溶液及模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋的腐蚀pH阈值范围。方法 采用电化学阻抗谱法,对不同pH、不同配制方法的缓冲溶液及模拟混凝土孔隙液中的钢筋试片进行电化学测量,选用不同的等效电路进行拟合,对测量中钢筋试片发生的电化学过程进行简要阐述。结合阻抗谱测量结果、等效电路拟合结果及工作电极典型宏观形貌,判断钢筋试片腐蚀状态,给出不同溶液对应的钢筋腐蚀pH阈值范围。结果离子环境不同,各缓冲溶液及模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋腐蚀pH阈值均存在一定差异,位于9～10.5不等。结论 混凝土碳化引入的HCO₃~–和CO₃^2–对钢筋腐蚀有促进作用。混凝土孔隙液pH越低,钢筋腐蚀越容易发生。因此,仅根据pH判断混凝土中钢筋腐蚀状态的方法并不可靠。