餐饮垃圾主要成分的热解动力学研究

将餐饮垃圾的主要成分纤维素、淀粉以及脂肪分别在10 K/min的升温速率下进行TG-DTG分析,结果表明3种物质由于分子结构与物质组成的差别,其热解特性有着明显的不同;同时采用Achar(微分法)和Coats-Refern(积分法)相结合的方法对餐饮垃圾进行热解动力学分析,找出最佳的机理函数并求出每种组分的活化能Ea和指前因子lnA。     

Uptake of uranium and thorium by native and cultivated plants

Large part of available literature on biogeochemistry of uranium and thorium refers to the studies performed either in highly contaminated areas or in nutrient solutions that have been artificially ‘spiked’ with radionuclides. Effects of background levels of natural radioactivity on soil-grown plants have not been studied to the same extent. In this paper, we summarised results of greenhouse and field experiments performed by the author from 2000 to 2006. We examined some of the factors affecting transfer of U and Th from soil to plants, differences in uptake of these radionuclides by different plants, relationships between U and Th in soil and in plants, and temporal variations of U and Th in different plant species. Concentrations of radionuclides (critical point for experimental studies on biogeochemistry of U and Th - rare trace elements in non-contaminated regions) and essential plant nutrients and trace elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis.     

稻壳吸附剂净化水中有机污染物的研究

以酸处理稻壳为原料，研究了稻壳吸附剂的活化工艺，所制备的吸附剂对水中芳香化合物和杂环染料均有较大的吸附能力。通过试验得出了吸附剂净化水中芳香化合物及染料的最佳条件     

Accumulation of heavy metals in two crop seeds due to soil contamination as determined by neutron activation analysis techniques

ＡｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｉｎｔｗｏｃｒｏｐｓｅｄｓｄｕｅｔｏｓｏｉｌｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｓｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｂｙｎｅｕｔｒｏｎａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓＭ．Ｆ．ＡｂｄｅｌＳａｂｏｕｒＳ...     

流化床锅炉飞灰活性激发与建材利用的试验研究

流化床锅炉飞灰活性较差,常规的粉煤灰活性激发方法对该飞灰效果不佳.本研究采用了加入适当激发剂的方法激发其活性,结果表明,加入激发剂后水泥胶砂的早期抗折、抗压强度均有100%的增长,后期抗折强度提高约100%、抗压强度提高60%以上,凝结时间和安定性均符合要求.水泥中飞灰掺量达40%时,其胶砂各龄期强度均达到甚至超过了42.5R水泥的强度;飞灰掺量65%～75%时,胶砂强度显示仍可生产一些低强度要求的建材产品,如砌筑水泥、建筑砂浆等.采用XRD、SEM等微观测试手段对飞灰活性激发机理进行了探讨.     

准噶尔盆地南缘活化沙丘植被自然恢复初探——以梭梭、白梭梭为例

古尔班通古特沙漠边缘植被破坏严重,沙丘活化明显,是新疆干旱区植被恢复的重点地区之一,一般缺乏地表水补充,其沙丘的水分状况便成为植被生存和恢复过程的关键条件。为掌握古尔班通古特沙漠边缘活化沙丘水分状况,并在其上恢复自然植被,对植物生长期内沙丘水分进行连续监测,并采用当地采集的梭梭、白梭梭种子进行植被恢复实验,结果表明:活化沙丘表层存在干沙层,沙丘中部和下部存在稳定湿沙层,处在距沙丘表面60 cm以下,且厚度超过100 cm,具备植被自然恢复的基础,干沙层的形成速率和风蚀是制约活化沙丘植被自然恢复的决定因素。     

Utilization of Arachis hypogaea hull,an agricultural waste for the production of activated carbons to remove phenol from aqueous solutions

Arachis hypogaea hulls, an agricultural waste, were used to prepare activated carbon by chemical activation with zinc chloride under four different activation atmospheres. The most important parameter in chemical activation was found to be the chemical ratio (activating agent/precursor). Carbonization temperature and time are the other two important variables, which had significant effect on the pore structure of carbon. The maximum Brunquer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and micropore volume of the activated carbon was found to be 418 m²/g and 0.28 cm³/g, respectively. The activated carbon developed shows substantial capability to adsorb phenol from aqueous solutions. The kinetic data were fitted to the models of intraparticle diffusion, pseudo-second-order, and Lagergren, and followed more closely the pseudo-second-order chemisorption model. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Solution pH has significant effect on adsorption and the maximum uptake of phenol was reported at pH 3.5.     

Distribution of toxic and essential elements in various chicken organs

An instrumental neutron activation technique was applied to determine toxic, essential and other elements in various chicken organs namely; liver, heart, gizzard, breast and leg. The range, arithmetic mean, geometric mean and median were computed which indicate normal distribution pattern for Hg, Se, Cl, Fe, Zn, Mn, Na, K and Cs in the five chicken organs. The concentration of Hg, Se, As, Fe, Zn and Mn in local chicken liver were also compared with the literature values. Dietary intake value for toxic and essential elements were also computed and compared with the recommended values.     

模拟酸雨及其活化Al~（3＋）构成的复合污染对中小型土壤动物的毒杀效果

酸雨可引起土壤中铝离子的活化而造成铝毒问题,因此酸雨及其活化的金属铝离子势必造成对土壤中小型动物的复合污染与影响。为此,通过室内模拟试验,研究3种优势土壤动物直接暴露在4种不同酸度的模拟酸雨和4种不同铝离子浓度梯度组合而构成的复合污染处理条件下的死亡率,以探明酸雨通过降低土壤酸度同时活化Al3＋对土壤动物的叠加影响效应。研究结果表明：弹尾目、线虫、蜱螨目等土壤动物直接暴露在酸水和铝离子的复合溶液中,其死亡率总体上均会随着酸水pH值的降低和Al3＋离子浓度的升高而增加。通过单因素和双因素方差分析还发现,不同类群的土壤动物对模拟酸雨pH和溶液中Al3＋含量的敏感性各不相同,其中酸水和铝离子复合胁迫对线虫和蜱螨目动物死亡率的影响并没有表现出明显的交互作用,但对弹尾目土壤动物死亡率存在显著的交互作用影响。     

机械力化学活化HPW-TiO_2/膨润土光催化降解甲基橙

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了磷钨酸(HPW)改性TiO_2,并固载于膨润土上,再经机械力化学活化,得到机械力化学活化HPW-TiO_2/膨润土(MCA-HPW-TiO_2/膨润土)复合光催化剂。采用XRD,SEM,EDS技术对复合光催化剂进行了表征,并将其用于甲基橙的紫外光催化降解。表征结果显示:活性组分TiO_2和HPW成功固载于膨润土上;在机械力化学活化作用下,膨润土层间结构遭到破坏,TiO_2的XRD特征峰形呈弥散状态。实验结果表明:机械力化学活化作用对HPW-TiO_2/膨润土的光催化性能提升效果显著;在酸性及近中性条件下MCA-HPWTiO_2/膨润土均具有较高的催化活性;在溶液p H 6.2、初始甲基橙质量浓度10 mg/L、反应时间180 min、MCAHPW-TiO_2/膨润土投加量1 g/L的条件下,甲基橙去除率达88.27%;该光催化降解过程符合一级动力学模型。