The hidden costs of relocating sand and gravel mines

Mining of construction aggregate is often unwelcome near communities because of its disamenities or because it can destroy prime farmland and displace other desirable land uses. Such conflicts have led to prohibitions against mining near cities or on high-value farmland, causing these operations to be relocated to more distant locations. The cost of this relocation may go unnoticed if they are indirect, diffused and rise gradually over time, but they may be significant due to the high transportation cost of moving these materials long distances.     

江汉平原不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体中有机碳的分布与积累特点

论文探讨了江汉平原果园、旱地、水田、水旱轮作等利用方式下土壤团聚体的组成、有机碳与活性有机碳的分布与积累特点。结果表明:供试土壤团聚体的组成均以2～20μm粒径为主,其次为<2μm和20～50μm粒径,<50μm粒径团聚体的含量占团聚体总量的80.8%～94.1%。不同利用方式下有机碳含量的峰值均出现在200～2000μm团聚体中,且>50μm粒径团聚体中有机碳的含量比<50μm粒径的高;但69.8%～86.6%的有机碳分布在<50μm粒径团聚体中,其中以2～20μm团聚体中有机碳所占的比例最大(35.2%～45.9%),细微团聚体固碳能力较强,而粗粒径团聚体中的有机碳对土地利用方式的变化较为敏感。土壤团聚体中的活性有机碳以2～20μm粒径的最低,<2μm和20～50μm中有机碳的活性相差不大;不同粒径的团聚体中均为水耕利用方式下(水田和水旱轮作)土壤活性有机碳的含量比旱耕利用方式下(果园和旱地)的高,但随着土壤团聚体粒径的增加,由水耕利用方式下活性有机碳所占的比例较大逐渐过渡到以旱耕利用方式下活性有机碳的比例较大。由于供试样品中2～20μm团聚体中有机碳积累最大、固定的有机碳最多,可以考虑将2～20μm团聚体作为土壤固定有机碳的特征团聚体。这些结果可为我国区域土壤有机碳的循环提供科学数据。     

周年轮作休耕对土壤AMF群落和团聚体稳定性的影响

为探究轮作休耕对丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）群落组成及土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,以坡耕地红壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序和湿筛法分别测定AMF群落组成和团聚体,研究了苕子轮作玉米（V-C）、豌豆轮作玉米（P-C）、冬闲-玉米（F-C）和周年休耕（F-F）这4个处理下AMF群落组成及其与土壤养分和团聚体稳定性之间的关系.结果表明,F-F、V-C和P-C处理的>2 mm团聚体含量、R_0.25及MWD均显著高于F-C （P<0.05）,<0.25 mm团聚体含量均显著低于F-C （P<0.05）;F-F处理的ACE、Chao1和Shannon指数较F-C分别显著提高29.56%、35.78%和45.55%;球囊霉属（Glomus）为各处理AMF群落的优势属,盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）在各处理间差异显著（P<0.05）;PCoA分析发现,PC1和PC2分别累计解释了AMF群落组成差异的29.99%和22.40%;相关性分析表明,盾巨孢囊霉属与碱解氮（AN）和有机质（SOM）呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与速效钾（AK）呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,球囊霉属与碱解氮呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;RDA分析表明,AMF多样性（Shannon指数）和盾巨孢囊霉属分别与>2 mm和2~1 mm团聚体含量显著正相关（P<0.05）.因此,周年休耕和苕子轮作玉米有利于提高土壤团聚体稳定性和改变AMF群落组成,研究结果为我国南方周年轮作系统提高土壤质量和推行合理轮作休耕模式提供理论依据和参考.     

生物炭施用对农田土壤团聚体及有机碳影响的整合分析

生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂,已广泛用于农田土壤的改善.为明确生物炭对我国农田土壤固碳效应的影响,基于已公开发表的文献数据,利用Meta分析法研究生物炭施用在不同试验条件下对土壤团聚体、团聚体碳和土壤有机碳的响应.结果表明,与不施生物炭相比,施用生物炭显著增加土壤大团聚体比例（10.8%）和平均重量直径（MWD,13.3%）,对土壤微团聚体和粉黏粒组分无显著作用;施用生物炭能够显著增加土壤各粒径团聚体碳和土壤总有机碳含量,土壤有机碳增幅为56.9%.通过亚组分析和Meta回归分析表明,华北地区施用生物炭土壤有机碳增幅最大（39.4%）;不同试验类型下施用生物炭均能显著提高土壤有机碳含量;相比不施肥,施肥条件下施用生物炭能显著改善土壤结构,提升土壤肥力;生物炭在施用>2 a条件下,能显著提高大团聚体比例（15.7%）、MWD （21.2%）、大团聚体碳（31.7%）和土壤有机碳含量（40.0%）;相比木材、木屑等原料制备的生物炭,农作物秸秆制备的生物炭对土壤的改良效果更佳;在高氮土壤中施用生物炭更有利于提高土壤团聚体稳定性.综上所述,生物炭施用可以改善土壤团聚结构,促进土壤有机碳积累,对农田肥力维持与提升具有重要意义.     

再生混凝土粗集料的基本性能试验研究

对再生混凝土粗集料(d≥5mm)的基本性能进行较为系统的试验和研究,主要内容包括相对粗糙度、表观密度、吸水率、含泥量、洛杉矶磨耗、压碎值和坚固性等,并将其与普通混凝土粗集料的相关性能进行对比分析,以寻找它们之间的差异,为废弃混凝土在道路工程中的应用提供参考。     

我国建筑垃圾再生资源化分析

首先根据我国目前能源和环境两大难题,说明建筑垃圾再生资源化的重要性和迫切性.进而分析了建筑垃圾特性和分类,对国内外建筑垃圾的资源化再生利用现状进行了研究,对建筑垃圾再生资源化提出新的建议.     

复掺轻骨料纤维喷射混凝土力学及导热性能试验研究*

为有效隔绝高地温公路隧道、深部高温巷道施工过程中的围岩散热,利用正交试验方法,以不同复合陶粒、陶砂掺量、聚丙烯纤维为影响因素,设计出1种隔热效应的轻骨料纤维喷射混凝土（Lightweight Aggregate Fiber Shotcrete,LAFS）,进行含水率、抗压、劈裂抗拉及导热性能试验,并借助X射线衍射、扫描电镜对LAFS进行机理分析。结果表明:3种因素对LAFS力学及导热性能的影响程度均为陶粒掺量>陶砂掺量>聚丙烯纤维掺量,本试验条件下,复合双掺陶粒、陶砂分别取代石子、砂子的最佳体积率为12%,6%,聚丙烯纤维的最佳掺量范围为0.2%~0.3%。建立的LAFS各性能预测模型可为工程应用LAFS确定其配比时提供试验依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of carbon and associated properties in no-till along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains

No-till (NT) farming is considered as a potential strategy for sequestering C in the soil. Data on soil-profile distribution of C and related soil properties are, however, limited, particularly for semiarid regions. We assessed soil C pool and soil structural properties such as aggregate stability and strength to 1 m soil depth across three long-term (≥21 year) NT and conventional till (CT) experiments along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains of the USA. Tillage systems were in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a loam at Hutchinson and winter wheat-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow on silt loams at Hays and Tribune, Kansas. Mean annual precipitation was 889 mm for Hutchinson, 580 mm for Hays, and 440 mm for Tribune. Changes in profile distribution of soil properties were affected by differences in precipitations input among the three sites. At Hutchinson, NT had 1.8 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth, but CT had 1.5 times greater SOC pool in the 5-20-cm. At Hays, NT had 1.4 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth. Differences in summed SOC pool for the whole soil profile (0-1 m depth) between NT and CT were not significant at any site. The summed SOC pool with depth between NT and CT were only significant above the 5 cm depth at Hutchinson and 2.5 cm depth at Hays. At Hutchinson, NT stored 3.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 5 cm depth. At Hays, NT stored 1.35 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 2.5 cm depth. Moreover, NT management increased mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWDA) by 3 to 4 times for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and by 1.8 times for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Hays. It also reduced air-dry aggregate tensile strength (TS) for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and Hays and for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Tribune. The TS (r = −0.73) and MWDA (r = 0.81) near the soil surface were more strongly correlated with SOC concentration at Hutchinson than at Hays and Tribune attributed to differences in precipitation input. Results suggested NT impacts on increasing SOC pool and improving soil structural properties decreased with a decrease in precipitation input. Changes in soil properties were larger at Hutchinson (880 mm of precipitation) than at Hays and Tribune (≤580 mm). While NT management did not increase SOC pool over CT for the whole soil profile, the greater near-surface accumulation of SOC in NT than in CT was critical to the improvement in soil structural properties. Overall, differences in precipitation input among soils appeared to be the dominant factor influencing NT impacts on soil-profile distribution of SOC and soil structural properties in this region.     

外加营养源作用下微生物黏结剂对土壤团聚体的影响

通过室内培养实验研究了外加营养源条件下微生物黏结剂(真菌菌丝和微生物胞外多糖)对土壤稳定性的影响以及微生物在不同粒径团聚体中的分布.所加营养源分别为葡萄糖(以C计)和硝酸铵(以N计),实验周期为30 d.实验设计包括对照(0.5 mg.g-1)、CN5(0.5 mg.g-1,0.1 mg.g-1,C/N=5)、CN10(0.5 mg.g-1,0.05 mg.g-1,C/N=10)3个水平.结果表明,3个处理的土壤呼吸速率十分接近,最大值都在3.10 mg.(h.kg)-1左右,说明无机氮肥的施加短期内对葡萄糖的矿化作用不明显.除培养第5 d CK的大团聚体形成量(15.67%)显著低于CN5(25.32%)和CN10(24.63%)外,其余培养期间3个处理的团聚体含量总体无显著性差异,表明本实验中葡萄糖对微生物的影响较大,覆盖了施加无机氮的影响,从而导致团聚体含量之间差异不显著.     

基于细观模拟的轻骨料混凝土破坏行为及尺寸效应研究∗

轻骨料混凝土由于其轻质高强及保温隔热性能好等优点,越来越多被应用于实际工程结构。从细观角度出发,将混凝土材料看作由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,建立了考虑混凝土材料非均质性影响的二维细观数值分析模型,模拟研究了轻骨料混凝土与普通混凝土压缩和劈拉破坏行为及尺寸效应的异同,并揭示两者破坏机理。结果表明:轻骨料混凝土压缩及劈拉破坏均造成骨料颗粒的断裂,而普通混凝土破坏时骨料很少破坏;轻骨料混凝土由于脆性较强,与普通混凝土相比有更加明显的压缩强度尺寸效应现象;轻骨料混凝土与普通混凝土存在相似的劈拉强度尺寸效应现象。