洮儿河流域农业生态地质环境研究

系统分析了吉林西部洮儿河流域的农业生态地质环境特征,揭示了流域内影响农业可持续发展的五大农业生态地质环境问题;按照地质、地貌、自然资源状况、生态环境灾害、环境质量等综合要素对流域进行了环境分区;最后论述了流域内农业生态地质环境的演化过程和影响因素。     

欧洲国家控制农业养分污染水环境的管理措施

近年来欧洲国家为控制农业养分污染水环境采取了一系列行政、法律和经济等环境管理措施,鼓励和刺激农民采取更加有利于环境的耕作方法,限制化肥、厩肥等养分投入,以最大限度地减轻氮、磷等养分流失对地下水和地表水体的污染,取得了显著的成效。本文对此作了详细介绍,以资借鉴。     

QUANTIFYING MODEL OUTPUT UNCERTAINTY DUE TO SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL1

Traditionally in the application of hydrologic/water quality (H/WQ) models, rainfall is assumed to be spatially homogeneous and is considered not to contribute to output uncertainty. The objective of this study was to assess the uncertainty induced in model outputs solely due to rainfall spatial variability. The study was conducted using the AGNPS model and the rainfall pattern captured by a network of 17 rain gauges. For each rainfall event, the model was run using the rainfall captured by each rain gauge, one at a time, under the assumption of rainfall spatial homogeneity. A large uncertainty in the modeled outputs resulted from the rainfall spatial variability. The uncertainty in the modeled outputs exceeded the input rainfall uncertainty. Results of this study indicate that spatial variability of rainfall should be captured and used in H/WQ models in order to accurately assess the release and transport of pollutants. A large uncertainty in the model outputs can be expected if this rainfall property is not taken into account.     

雨水资源、土壤水资源与土壤水分植被承载力

在我国北方少雨地区开展雨水资源、土壤水资源与土壤水分植被承载力研究对于防治林草地土壤旱化和林草植被经营具有重要意义。2002年4月以来,在上黄生态实验站对多年生人工林林外和林内降水、地表径流、植物生长和土壤水分动态进行了定位观测,结果表明:次降雨林冠层截留量为0.2～6.47mm,为降水量的3.1%～53.3%,截留总量占降水量的16.9%;地表径流量为0.24～1.5mm,是降雨量的1.6%～6.8%;柠条林地土壤剖面水分垂直变化可分为活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层;年内土壤水分胁迫时,植物通过改变叶的颜色,降低自身的含水率、落叶或产生大量落叶来适应干旱的土壤水环境,但不会死亡。土壤水分植被承载力为土壤水分承载植物的最大负荷,是指在较长时期内,当根层土壤水分消耗量等于或小于降雨补给量时,所能维持特定植物群落健康生长的最大密度。     

潜流水平湿地对农业灌溉径流氮磷的去除

构建了潜流水平芦苇湿地,对农业灌溉径流(TN约为7mg/L,TP约为0.5mg/L)中氮磷进行了为期1年的去除研究.在水力停留时间(HRT)为2,4,6d时,TP和TN的去除率均大于87%和68%.湿地对TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除受HRT的影响较大(P<0.05),对PO₄^3--P的去除受HRT的影响较小.在不同HRT情况下,NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N、NO3--N和PO₄^3--P的去除率均高于93%,出水浓度一般均小于0.04mg/L.且出水中的TP和TN主要为有机态,存在一个TP和TN背景浓度.TN去除率与负荷之间具有很好的相关性(R2=0.9968),但是TP去除率与负荷之间相关性较差(R²=0.5987).以HRT为2d计算,1m²的芦苇床处理该农业灌溉径流的能力为0.1m³/d,出水TN和TP浓度可控制在0.50mg/L和0.154mg/L以下.     

Are Life Patents Ethical? Conflict between Catholic Social Teaching and Agricultural Biotechnology's Patent Regime

Patents for genetic material in theindustrialized North have expandedsignificantly over the past twenty years,playing a crucial role in the currentconfiguration of the agricultural biotechnologyindustries, and raising significant ethicalissues. Patents have been claimed for genes,gene sequences, engineered crop species, andthe technical processes to engineer them. Mostcritics have addressed the human and ecosystemhealth implications of genetically engineeredcrops, but these broad patents raise economicissues as well. The Catholic social teachingtradition offers guidelines for critiquing theeconomic implications of this new patentregime. The Catholic principle of the universaldestination of goods implies that genes, genesequences, and engineered crop varieties areineligible for patent protection, although theprocesses to engineer these should be eligible.Religious leaders are likely to make a moresubstantive contribution to debates aboutagricultural biotechnology by addressing theselife patents than by speculating that geneticengineering is ``playing God.'     

REGIONAL NITRATE LEACHING VARIABILITY: WHAT MAKES A DIFFERENCE IN NORTHEASTERN COLORADO

ABSTRACT: The high spatial variability of nitrate concentrations in ground water of many regions is thought to be closely related to spatially-variable leaching rates from agricultural activities. To clarify the relative roles of the different nitrate leaching controlling variables under irrigated agriculture in northeastern Colorado, we conducted an extensive series of leaching simulations with the NLEAP model using best estimates of local agricultural practices. The results of these simulations were then used with GIS to estimate the spatial variability of leachate quality for a 14,000 ha area overlying the alluvial aquifer of the South Platte River. Simulations showed that in the study area, differences in soil type might lead to 5–10 kg/ha of N variation in annual leaching rates while variability due to crop rotations was as much as 65 kg-N/ha for common rotations. Land application of manure from confined animal feeding operations may account for more than 100 kg-N/ha additional leaching. For a selected index rotation, the simulated nitrogen leaching rates across the area varied from 10 to 299 kg/ha and simulated water volumes leached ranged from 13 to 76 cm/yr depending on soil type, irrigation type, and use of manure. Resulting leachate concentrations of 3.5–140 mg/l NO₃ as N were simulated. Land application of manure was found to be the most important factor determining the mass flux of nitrate leached and the combination of sprinkler irrigation and manure application yields the highest leachate concentrations.     

农业环境中抗生素风险评估的研究进展

抗生素在畜牧、种植及水产养殖等农业领域广泛应用,且大量抗生素未经代谢就进入环境,因此明确其对生态环境和人类健康的影响至关重要.通过系统综述抗生素风险评估方法的相关研究.结果表明,生态环境风险主要通过风险商法（RQ）评估,预测无影响浓度（PNECs）是生态环境风险评估的重要指标,但其取值尚存在争议;健康风险的评估方法为危害商法（HQ）,抗生素暴露途径和毒理学阈值的选取是评估的关键.目前两类评估方法均缺乏对复合污染的研究,且未考虑抗生素代谢产物潜在的风险.进一步地分析表明,水环境和粪/肥/土壤环境中抗生素的生态风险普遍存在,粪/肥还田均会影响水土环境,土地利用类型与高风险抗生素种类有关;PNECs的取值受所选受试物种、实验条件、计算方法和土壤类型等影响;通过饮食摄入抗生素引起的健康风险极微,但沿海地区通过食用海鲜引起的健康风险不容忽视;农业环境中的喹诺酮类抗生素生态风险和健康风险均相对较高.基于抗生素在农业中的使用量及相关环境中的残留浓度和毒性,研究提出了农业环境中需要优先控制的抗生素清单,总结了抗生素风险评估存在的主要问题,可为农业环境中抗生素的风险评估优化和污染防治提供支撑.     

不同国家农用地土壤环境标准比较与启示

农用地土壤环境质量影响农产品质量、人体健康和生态安全.经过十几年的修订,我国于2018年发布了《土壤环境质量农用地土壤风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618-2018).与国外发达国家相比,我国土壤污染防治依然处于起步阶段,当前有关农用地土壤环境标准相关的综述研究相对较少.本文系统梳理了国内外17个国家或地区的农用地土...     

铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属有效态空间分布及其影响因子分析

利用地统计学方法,研究了广西岩溶地区某铅锌矿区农田土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu四种重金属有效态含量的空间分布特征及其影响因子.结果表明:研究区域不同程度地受到Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的污染,且水田污染较旱地严重;与广西土壤背景值相比,污染程度最严重的是Cd,在水田和旱地中超标率均为100%,平均超标倍数分别为312.94和33.67;其次是Zn,在水田和早地中超标率分别为100%和34%,平均超标倍数分别为38.34和2.11;污染最轻的为Cu,超标率仅为7%.空间分析表明,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的块金系数分别为2.7%、0.2%、6.5%、0.13%,体现了强烈的空间自相关性,且四种重金属空间分布特征相似,在离原铅锌选矿厂较近的西北偏西面有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量最高,沿着西北偏西至东南偏东的灌溉渠流向,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的含量呈递减趋势,东部旱地有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量相对较低.土壤有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu在污染区的空间分布与土壤基本理化性质关系密切,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu与pH、阳离子交换量、粘粒都呈极显著负相关,与有机质含量则呈极显著正相关.