广东省农业循环经济发展的DEA分析与有效性评价

运用数据包络分析方法中的超效率DEA(Super-efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis,SE-DEA)模型对2004、2005年广东21个地市农业循环经济发展的有效性进行了评价,并应用DEA模型(C2R和BC2)对于非DEA有效城市的主要原因进行了分析,提出了非有效向有效转化和调整的方向与建议。结果表明,两年间全省农业循环经济发展的平均超效率值均在2.0以上,平均综合效率、技术效率和规模效率值分别为0.967 0、0.974 8和0.991 0。2005年中有11个地市的效率值都呈现上升趋势,农业循环经济发展整体状况良好。5个非DEA有效的地市中,技术有效而规模无效率的地市只有汕尾,该地区的规模报酬处于递增状态。惠州、清远、梅州和江门地区均表现为技术、规模无效。其中梅州的技术效率最低,规模报酬显示出下降趋势。非DEA有效地市可对相对无效的投入、产出作适当调整,即缩减过多的投入或增加不足的产出,以改善和提高农业循环经济的运行效率。     

三峡库区1980～2005年农业用地氮平衡时空变化研究

利用三峡库区分区县农业统计资料,对OECD土壤表观氮平衡模型进行适当改进,计算分析三峡库区1980~2005年农业用地氮平衡时空变化格局及驱动机制.结果表明,1980~2005年库区氮总输入和总盈余量呈显著增长趋势,分别从23.4万t和14.4万t增长到45.6万t和30万t;氮总输出量1980~1995年呈增加趋势,从9.0万t到16.7万t,1995年后基本保持稳定趋势;单位面积氮盈余量1980~1998年总体呈持续增加趋势,从133.4 kg/hm2增长到310.3 kg/hm2,1998年后逐步趋向稳定,但空间分布区域差异性增强,主要集中在库中和库首区县,与库区移民数量空间分布具有一定的相似性;氮输入贡献主要来源于化肥、牲畜粪便、人粪尿和生物固氮,累计占总输入90%以上;1995年前库区氮平衡变化主要受国内大量使用化肥宏观环境影响,1995年后受水库淹没和移民影响较大,但其具体影响程度有待进一步分析;建议考虑适当发展副业、改变农业种植结构或进行生态移民等措施减少氮排放量.     

川渝地区农业生态系统氧化亚氮排放

基于县级农业活动水平数据及区域氮循环模型IAP-N方法,并根据地理特征、环境气候条件及地区行政区划将川渝地区划分成4个亚区,详细估算了1990~2004年川渝地区农业生态系统氧化亚氮(N2O)的排放及其时空分布状况.结果表明,川渝地区1990~1994、1995~1999、2000~2004年农业生态系统N2O年平均排放量(以纯氮量计)分别为52.3、58.2、62.0 Gg/a,其中55%来自农田直接排放.3个时期农田直接排放量分别为29.6(7.6~63.3)、33.0(8.4~71.8)、34.0(8.5~75.8)Gg/a,农田直接排放通量分别为4.73、5.39、6.11 kg/(hm2.a).农田旱作是农田N2O直接排放的主要源,水旱轮作对农田N2O直接排放的贡献也很大.川渝地区农业生态系统N2O排放量以及农田N2O排放通量,1995~1999年期间比1990~1994年期间增长幅度较大;2000~2004年期间,农田N2O排放通量增长速度未呈现减缓趋势,但由于耕地面积减少,农田N2O排放量增长呈现停滞状态.川渝地区农业生态系统N2O主要排放地区分布在成都平原和重庆地区,各区域的N2O排放源贡献各...     

近地表土壤水分条件对坡面农业非点源污染物运移的影响

采用人工模拟降雨实验,研究了近地表土壤水分条件,尤其是土壤水分饱和条件对土壤侵蚀过程中农业非点源污染物运移的影响.结果表明,前期近地表土壤水分条件对土壤侵蚀过程中农业非点源污染物的迁移有着很大影响.饱和含水量时径流及泥沙中非点源污染物的流失浓度和流失量大于非饱和含水量,且前期近地表土壤含水量越大,径流及泥沙中农业非点源污染物的流失浓度和流失量越大.土壤氮素的主要流失途径是降雨所产生的径流,约占总流失量的90.4%～99.8%;土壤磷素的流失途径是降雨径流和侵蚀产沙,分别占总流失量的2.67%～23.5%和76.5%～97.3%.同时,土壤质地对磷素养分的流失有很大影响,杨凌土随泥沙流失的DP浓度和流失量均大于安塞黄绵土.最后,提出了采取最佳管理措施等控制农业非点源污染的针对性建议.     

农业流域营养盐流失的关键因素及其防治途径

全面分析农业流域氮、磷等污染物质流失的关键过程,识别主要影响因素,研究探讨农业面源污染影响因素的作用方式和治理途径,对于农业面源污染控制具有重要意义。以国内外大量相关研究成果为基础,全面分析了农业面源污染的主要产生机理,以及影响农业面源污染时空分布的主要因素及相互作用关系,详细探讨了土壤性质、植被类型、土地利用格局、径流驱动因素、农业生产模式等关键因素对农业面源污染流失特征的影响作用,并从农田管理、景观结构调整、农业生产格局优化等方面有针对性的提出了适合中国农业流域特点的面源污染防控措施。     

贝叶斯规整化BPNN定量流域非点源污染负荷研究

将贝叶斯规整化BP神经网络(BRBPNN)应用于渭河流域非点源污染、社会和经济之间相互作用的研究。采用相关系数法确定输入变量为"降雨"、"种植地"、"草地"、"人口密度"和"羊密度",输出变量为总氮负荷。结果表明用BRBPNN定量非点源污染负荷是可行的,综合选择最优网络模型结构为BRBPNN(3c-7-1),其训练集和预测集相关系数分别为1.0000和0.9780,对应的均方误差分别为88.32和3.21×102。采用权值理论分析各输入因子对网络的贡献,依次为"降雨">"羊密度">"种植地"。该研究可为流域非点源污染的治理提供依据。     

基于GIS的农田土壤重金属空间分布研究

以浙江省慈溪市快速城镇化的小城镇为研究区,研究其农田土壤中重金属的含量与分布状况.采用ArcGIS中的地统计分析模块研究土壤中重金属分布的空间变异性,最后应用Kriging方法进行空间插值作图.结果表明,研究区土壤中的重金属含量均已超出当地的背景值,含量变异系数较大的重金属是Hg和Cu,中等变异的是Zn,其他几种重金属变异系数相对较小.空间分布上,Cu、Cd、As的空间相关性较强,Zn、Ni、Hg居中,而Cr和Pb较弱.插值结果显示,土壤中Cu、Zn和Pb的高含量区主要位于东南部,Cd、Hg和Ni的含量由南向北逐渐减少,As和Cr的分布为西部高而中部较低,不同的分布特征是人类活动与土壤母质双重影响的结果.     

Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China

Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samples were collected from 38 counties in Zbejiang Province and eight heavy metal （Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni and As） concentrations had been evaluated in agricultural soil. It was found 775 samples were unpolluted and 133 samples were slightly polluted and more respectively, that is approximately 14.65% agricultural soil samples had the heavy metal concentration above the threshold level in this province by means of Nemerow＇s synthetical pollution index method according to the second grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China （GB15618- 1995）. Contamination of Cd was the highest, followed by Ni, As and Zn were lower correspondingly. Moreover, Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to make an assessment map of soil environmental quality based on the Nemerow＇s pollution index and the soil environmental quality was categorized into five grades. Moreover, ten indices were calculated as input parameters for principal component analysis （PCA） and the principal components （PCs） were created to compare environmental quality of different soils and regions. The results revealed that environmental quality of tea soils was better than that of paddy soils, vegetable soils and fruit soils. This study indicated that GIS combined with multivariate statistical approaches proved to be effective and powerful tool in the mapping of soil contamination distribution and the assessment of soil environmental quality on provincial scale, which is beneficial to environmental protection and management decision-making by local government.     

Adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide

Sodium pyrophosphate （pyro-P, Na4P2OT）, sodium tripolyphosphate （tripoly-P, Na3P3O10）, and sodium hexametaphosphate （meta-P, （NaPO3）6） were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages： （1） fast adsorption within 1 h; and （2） slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts.     

Adaptation of Nitraria sphaerocarpa to wind-blown sand environments at the edge of a desert oasis

This study addresses the adaptation of Nitraria sphaervcarpa to blown sand at the edge of a desert oasis with regard to the aspects of soil seed banks, seedlings, and population. Horizontally, the total number of seeds per unit area decreased from the shrub canopy center to intershrub areas, and most seeds were found under shrub canopies. Vertically, the highest proportion of seeds was found at depths of 5-10 cm. The emergence percentage, seedling mass, and seedling height, which were significantly affected by both burial depth and seed size, were highest at the optimal burial depth of 2 cm, and decreased with increasing burial depth in each seed size-class. Although seedling mass was usually greatest for large seeds and least for small seeds at each burial depth, little difference was observed in seedling height at shallow burial depths of 0-3 cm. The population shows a patchy and discontinuous distribution pattern. Population height increases with increasing sand depth. Also the density increases with increasing depth of sand in the desert; however, there is a steady decrease when the depth of sand is more than 100 cm. This result indicates that the depth of sand that is most suitable for the growth of Nitraria sphaervcarpa is 100 cm. The size of the population is significantly correlated with the sand depth, which increases with increasing depth in the desert.