染料浓度和盐度对白腐真菌同工酶的电泳分析

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析,并比较了染料废水的两大因子(染料浓度和盐度)对黄孢原毛平革菌过氧化物同工酶谱带的影响程度,结果表明:在染料或盐胁迫下,黄孢原毛平革菌均表现出应急产酶的响应,虽然过氧化物同工酶谱带数量未发生增加或减少,但谱带强度受到较大影响,活性艳红X-3B浓度≤200mg/L或NaCl浓度≤15g/L时均能诱导过量产酶,继续提高染料浓度或盐度将导致产酶抑制,染料浓度对酶带的影响作用高于盐度。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can decrease the uptake of uranium by subterranean clover grown at high levels of uranium in soil

Subterranean clover inoculated or not with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices was grown on soil containing six levels of 238U in the range 0-87 mg kg(-1). Increasing U concentration in soil enhanced the U concentration in roots and shoots of both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants but had no significant effects on plant dry matter production or root AM colonization. Mycorrhizas increased the shoot dry matter and P concentration in roots and shoots, while in most cases, it decreased the Ca, Mg and K concentrations in plants. The AM fungus influenced U concentration in plants only in the treatment receiving 87 mg U kg(-1) soil. In this case, U concentration in shoots of nonmycorrhizal plants was 1.7 times that of shoots of mycorrhizal plants. These results suggested that mycorrhizal fungi can limit U accumulation by plants exposed to high levels of U in soil.     

The Influence of Mycorrhiza on Uranium and Phosphorus Uptake by Barley Plants from a Field-contaminated Soil (7 pp)

Background Recent studies indicated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important roles in plant accumulation of uranium (U) from contaminated environments, but the impacts of fertilization practices on functioning of the symbiotic associations, which are crucial factors influencing plant nutrition and growth responses to mycorrhiza, have rarely been considered. Materials and Methods In a greenhouse experiment, a bald root barley mutant (brb) together with the wild type (wt) were used to test the role of root hairs and AMF in uranium (U) uptake by host plants from a U contaminated soil. Nil, 20 and 60 mg KH2PO4-P kg–1 soil were included to investigate the influences of phosphorus (P) fertilization on plant growth and accumulation of U. Results Dry matter yield of barley plants increased with increasing P additions and wt produced significantly higher dry weight than brb. Mycorrhiza markedly improved dry matter yield of both genotypes grown at nil P, whereas only brb responded positively to mycorrhiza at 20 mg P kg-1. At the highest P level, mycorrhiza resulted in growth depressions in both genotypes, except for the roots of wt. In general, plant P concentrations increased markedly with increasing P additions and in response to mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza and P additions had no significant effects on shoot U concentrations. However, root U concentrations in both genotypes were significantly increased by mycorrhiza. On the other hand, shoot U contents increased with increasing P levels, while 20 mg P kg-1 stimulated, but 60 mg P kg-1 marginally affected the U accumulation in roots. Root length specific U uptake was moderately enhanced both by root hairs and strongly enhanced by mycorrhiza. Moreover, non-inoculated plants generally had higher shoot-root ratios of U content than the corresponding inoculated controls. Conclusion Our study shows that AMF and root hairs improves not only P acquisition but also the root uptake of U, and mycorrhiza generally decreases U translocation from plant root to shoot. Hence, mycorrhiza is of potential use in the phytostabilization of U contaminated environments. Perspectives The complex impacts of P on U accumulation by barley plants suggested that U behavior in mycorrhizosphere and translocation along the soil-fungi-plant continuum as affected by fertilization practices deserve extensive studies for optimizing the function of mycorrhizal associations for phytoremediation purposes.     

活性红M-3BE脱色真菌的筛选及脱色性能研究

从自然环境中分离到2株对染料活性红M-3BE具有明显脱色效果的真菌,经形态学和26S rDNA序列分析,将其鉴定为Fusarium oxysporum和Geosmithia viridis.采用初始浓度50 mg/L M-3BE的液体培养基同步脱色培养,F.oxysporum在24 h内对M-3BE的脱色率为96%,G.viridis在36 h内的脱色率为82%.对脱色酶系的检测结果表明,脱色过程中F.oxysporum能产生LiP和MnP,G.viridis则仅产生LiP.此外,F.oxysporu和G.viridis对另外7种染料的脱色率也可分别达到16%～100%和83.3%～100%.     

堆肥中纤维素和木质素的生物降解研究现状

堆肥是垃圾处理的主要方法之一 ,厨房垃圾、园林垃圾、农村秸秆和日常生活中的废弃纤维产品均可作为堆肥原料 ,这些原料中含有一定量的纤维素和木质素 ,而纤维素和木质素在堆肥过程中较难生物降解。因此 ,国内外学者致力于研究能加速纤维素和木质素降解的高效微生物。研究发现 ,对纤维素和木质素有降解能力的微生物主要是高温放线菌和高温真菌 ,其中有独特降解机制的白腐菌在木质素降解中起着重要作用     

白腐真菌与嗜热性侧孢霉复配对棉花秸秆降解的影响

为了解决农业固体废弃物棉花秸秆还田后的快速降解问题,本研究以棉花秸秆在白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉复配下的微生物降解为研究内容,通过对白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉拮抗试验、白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉复配对棉花秸秆降解的最优条件组合筛选试验、白腐真菌与噬热性侧孢霉复配在田间降解秸秆的系列研究进行分析,结果表明:(1)白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉两种菌株共存时不相互抑制菌丝生长,菌株之间不发生拮抗反应,可以对两种菌株进行复配形成棉花秸秆降解菌群;(2)根据L9(34)正交试验结果,综合考虑温度、氮添加量、菌种类型和料水比这四种因素对棉花秸秆中木质素、纤维素和酸性洗涤纤维的降解效果,室内降解棉花秸秆在最优组合条件温度45℃、氮添加量3%、料水比1/2,复合菌群下的效果最好;(3)田间降解试验进一步验证了室内降解实验结果的可靠性,在冬季低温和降雪等情况下,为期50 d的田间试验中复配菌组对棉花秸秆降解率达到29.93%。后续实验需要在考虑实际土壤磷素含量情况下,确定适合于棉花秸秆降解的磷素补充量来促进棉花秸秆在田间快速降解。本研究对农业固体废弃物棉花秸秆在田间的快速降解提供了一种有效的方法,具有很好的实践意义。     

基于高通量测序的SBR反应器丝状膨胀污泥菌群分析

为探究丝状污泥膨胀及控制过程中细菌菌群和真菌菌群的变化规律,采用一套11 L的SBR反应器,接种某城市污水处理厂膨胀污泥,以乙酸钠为碳源进行人工配水,对膨胀污泥进行399 d的培养实验,采用高通量测序技术对污泥样本进行菌群多样性分析.结果表明,接种污泥菌群多样性比较丰富,经培养至污泥高度膨胀后,菌群多样性降低,污泥沉降性能恢复正常后,菌群多样性又逐渐增加.细菌中的腐螺旋菌属(Saprospiraceae_norank)、丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonadaceae_unclassified)和四球菌属(Tetrasphaera)相对丰度分别为13.37%、10.54%和8.59%,是接种污泥的主要细菌属.经过培养,膨胀污泥菌群发生变化,接种污泥中细菌相对丰度仅为0.01%的丝硫菌属(Thiothrix)增加至56.95%~60.14%,真菌中相对丰度为19.60%的丝孢菌属(Trichosporon)增加至94.82%.污泥膨胀得到控制后,污泥中丝硫菌属(Thiothrix)相对丰度减少至0.01%,丝孢菌属(Trichosporon)相对丰度减少至2.32%.丝硫菌属(Thiothrix)和丝孢菌属(Trichosporon)过多不利于污泥沉降.     

生物炭对施粪肥土壤中根际真菌群落多样性及相互作用的影响

为了研究生物炭对施粪肥土壤中根际真菌群落结构及相互作用的影响,通过黑麦草盆栽试验,比较了添加2%生物炭处理和仅施粪肥条件下,根际真菌的群落演替及分子生态网络. Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,添加生物炭处理与不添加生物炭的对照处理中真菌的α多样性指数(Shannon指数)无显著差异.两种处理情况下,子囊菌门(Ascomycota,59. 64%～84. 80%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota,1. 90%～5. 87%)和接合菌门(Zygomycota,4. 34%～16. 11%)均为主要菌群.分子生态网络分析表明,相比不添加生物炭的对照组,添加生物炭后的土壤真菌群落具有更复杂的联系且显著增强了种间积极的相互作用(P 0. 05). Mantel检验分析表明,添加生物炭处理中植物根系与真菌丰度和种间相互作用显著相关(P=0. 001).植物根系是影响真菌丰度和相互作用关系的最重要的因素.     

宁南山区人工林草对土壤真菌群落的影响

以宁南山区天然草地（长芒草（Stipa bungeana Trin））为参照,选取2种典型人工恢复植被：人工草地（苜蓿（Medicago sativa））和人工林地（柠条（Caragana korshinskii Kom））的表层土壤（0-20cm）为研究对象,利用Miseq高通量测序技术分析土壤真菌的多样性、物种组成及其相对丰度变化特征,并采用冗余分析（RDA）的方法研究环境因子对不同植被土壤真菌群落的影响.结果表明：3种植被样地土壤样品共测得真菌27个门,44个纲,70个目,91个科.其中,优势菌门有子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）,丰度分别为71.8%和15.2%;优势菌纲主要有：粪壳菌纲（Sordariomycetes）、座囊菌纲（Dothideomycetes）、伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）和盘菌纲（Pezizomycetes）;优势菌属有：赤霉菌属（Gibberella）、肾形虫属（Colpoda）、水球壳属（Hydropisphaera）、叶生壳属（Floricola）、管柄囊霉属（Funneliformis）和Marcelleina.土壤真菌丰富度和多样性在苜蓿地最大,柠条地最小.球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）在天然草地的丰度最高,为4.8%;子囊菌门丰度在苜蓿地里最大,达82.6%,在柠条地最低,为56.8%;担子菌门和分类不明确门（Unclassified）在柠条土壤中丰度最大,分别为：25.3%和7.9%,在苜蓿地中最低,分别为：7.1%和0.8%.盘菌纲在天然草地中的丰度最高,为17.8%,且显著高于柠条地.伞菌纲在（Agaricomycetes）柠条地中的丰度明显高于苜蓿地.Heatmap热图分析表明,尽管苜蓿地中土壤真菌群落与天然草地的相似度更高,但是天然草地中AM真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi）的相对丰度最大,种植苜蓿使土壤致病菌属的相对丰度增加,柠条地的肾形虫属相对丰度最高.人工林草对土壤真菌的群落组成和多样性有较明显的影响.土壤水分（SW）、有机碳（TOC）和全氮（TN）是影响宁南山区林草地土壤真菌群落的主要理化因子.     

白腐真菌组合培养提高漆酶酶活的作用机制研究

采用白腐真菌组合培养的方式提高漆酶酶活,并对组合后菌株相互作用机制进行了研究.菌株55(Trametes trogii)和菌株m-6(Trametes versicolor)组合后漆酶酶活较菌株55和m-6分别提高了24.13倍和4.07倍;组合后菌株间不存在抑制作用;平板培养时,两菌株菌丝生长止于菌丝交界处,该处漆酶酶活最高并分泌褐色色素;液体培养时,菌株m-6对组合后漆酶酶活的提高起着更为重要的作用:向菌株55的培养物中添加菌块m-6,其酶活比向菌株m-6培养物中添加菌块55时的酶活高7.03倍,并且菌株m-6胞外物对菌株55的漆酶分泌也有明显的刺激作用,其中加入20 mL过滤灭菌胞外物可使菌株55漆酶酶活提高6.79倍,而且胞外物高温灭菌后仍能刺激菌株55的漆酶分泌,加入20mL后酶活比对照高4.60倍;Native-PAGE活性染色结果表明组合后同工酶种类未发生变化,但有3种同工酶的浓度升高.