Characterization, Source Identification and Apportionment of Selected Metals in TSP in an Urban Atmosphere

To understand the metal distribution characteristics in the atmosphere of urban Islamabad, total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected on daily 12 h basis, at Quaid-i-Azam University campus, using high volume sampler. The TSP samples were treated with HNO₃/HClO₄ based wet digestion method for the quantification of eight selected metals; Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni and Cd by FAAS method. The monitoring period ran from June 2001 to January 2002, with a total of 194 samples collected on cellulose filters. Effects of different meteorological conditions such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction on selected metal levels were interpreted by means of multivariate statistical approach. Enhanced metal levels for Fe (930 ng/m³), Zn (542 ng/m³) and Pb (210 ng/m³) were found on the mean scale while Mn, Cr, Co and Ni emerged as minor contributors. Statistical correlation study was also conducted and a strong correlation was observed between Pb-Cr (r=0.611). The relative humidity showed some significant influence on atmospheric metal distribution while other meteorological parameters showed weak relationship with TSP metal levels. Regarding the origin of sources of heavy metals in TSP, the statistical procedure identified three source profiles; automobile emissions, industrial/metallurgical units, and natural soil dust. The metal levels were also compared with those reported for other parts of the world which showed that the metal levels in urban atmosphere of Islamabad are in exceedence than those of European industrial and urban sites while comparable with some Asian sites.     

航空设备环境适应能力评估

航空设备在实际应用中都要遭受严酷的环境应力的作用,这些应力对设备具有极大的破坏作用,严重影响着设备实际使用性能.主要研究了航空设备环境适应能力的评估,包括航空设备环境适应能力评估数学模型和评估方法.     

乙草胺对土壤微生物的影响研究

研究了乙草胺在6种不同浓度下对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率的影响.采用密闭法测定乙草胺对土壤微生物呼吸的影响.结果表明,乙草胺对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率均有一定的抑制作用,对土壤微生物呼吸作用具有明显的抑制作用.     

底泥疏浚对湖泊沉积物的生态毒性效应的影响

采用淡水沉积物质量基准和微生物毒性试验方法,对疏浚前后五里湖沉积物提取液和全底泥沉积物的生态毒性进行了研究与分析.结果表明,疏浚后,沉积物中各重金属污染物的总体含量均显著降低,但是铬、铅和镍的含量仍然分布在阈值效应低值(TEL)和可能效应水平值(PEL)之间的灰色区域,仍可能对水体生态系统产生不良影响;疏浚后1个月,沉积物提取液中发光菌发光试验的EC50值降低约50%,毒性增加近1倍;与疏浚前相比,全底泥沉积物的细菌毒性试验的EC₅₀值降低11%～30%;全底泥月芽藻毒性试验的EC₅₀值也有显著降低.     

耐高温解磷菌的筛选及解磷能力研究

以高温堆肥为原料,通过无机磷培养基筛选、耐高温驯化得到5株耐高温解磷菌,命名为P1～P5.各菌株最佳生长温度为40～50 ℃,其中P1可在35～53 ℃生长,P2～P5在35～50 ℃生长.通过50 ℃高温摇床发酵培养,分别测定了耐高温解磷菌P1～P5的发酵液中ρ(水溶性磷),ρ(微生物量磷),总解磷量和pH.结果表明,在50 ℃下摇床振荡培养耐高温解磷菌P1～P5,7 d后发酵液中ρ(水溶性磷)为30.9～47.6 mg/L,ρ(微生物量磷)为116.4～164.4 mg/L,总解磷量为152.1～201.6 mg/L,发酵液pH明显为酸性,但其与菌株解磷能力没有显著的相关性.在解磷方面,ρ(微生物量磷)明显高于ρ(水溶性磷),因此ρ(微生物量磷)是分析解磷菌解磷能力不可忽视的重要部分.5株解磷菌均具有良好耐高温能力及解无机磷的生理生化功能.      

残留农膜对土壤性状的影响

残留农膜对土壤性状具有重要影响,如破坏土壤结构、危害作物正常生长发育并造成农作物减产,进而影响到农业环境.通过对临沂市义唐镇农膜残留量不同地块的土壤性状进行对比分析,得出,随着土壤中农膜残留量的增加,土壤团聚体含量、抗蚀指数、团聚度、土壤有机质含量、N、P、K含量、土壤微生物量均表现出下降的趋势,且CK与DK3间差异达到了显著水平(p<0.05),而土壤分散率并没有表现出相同趋势.这种规律在表层土壤(0～20 cm)表现的更为明显.     

燃煤微生物预处理浮选脱硫的研究进展

研究了煤炭脱硫的意义 ,脱硫反应器及煤炭微生物法脱硫的现状并比较了几种脱硫方法 ,指出用生物预处理浮选法脱硫效率高 ,具有很好的经济性 ,是一种适合工业应用的微生物脱硫方法     

不同驯化方式对微生物降解乐果的影响

为了获得有效降解有机磷农药乐果的微生物,采用北京大兴黄村施用过乐果的土壤为菌源,以乐果作为唯一碳源和能源采用一次性大剂量冲击驯化和逐渐加量的驯化方式分离得到7株对乐果有一定降解能力的微生物。微生物降解乐果实验结果显示:不同的驯化方式对微生物的降解能力有明显的影响,大剂量冲击驯化获得的微生物对乐果的降解能力优于逐渐加量驯化获得的微生物。     

Coupling urban 3-D information and circuit theory to advance the development of urban ecological networks

Ongoing, rapid urban growth accompanied by habitat fragmentation and loss challenges biodiversity conservation and leads to decreases in ecosystem services. Application of the concept of ecological networks in the preservation and restoration of connections among isolated patches of natural areas is a powerful conservation strategy. However, previous approaches often failed to objectively consider the impacts of complex 3-D city environments on ecological niches. We used airborne lidar-derived information on the 3-D structure of the built environment and vegetation and detailed land use and cover data to characterize habitat quality, niche diversity, and human disturbance and to predict habitat connectivity among 38 identified habitat core areas (HCAs) in Nanjing, China. We used circuit theory and Linkage Mapper to create a landscape resistance layer, simulate habitat connectivity, and identify and prioritize important corridors. We mapped 64 links by using current flow centrality to evaluate each HCA's contribution and the links that facilitate intact connectivity. Values were highest for HCA links located in the west, south, and northeast of the study area, where natural forests with complex 3-D structures predominate. Two smaller HCA areas had high centrality scores relative to their extents, which means they could act as important stepping stones in connectivity planning. The mapped pinch-point regions had narrow and fragile links among the HCAs, suggesting they require special protection. The barriers with the highest impact scores were mainly located at the HCA connections to Purple Mountain and, based on these high scores, are more likely to indicate important locations that can be restored to improve potential connections. Our novel framework allowed us to sufficiently convey spatially explicit information to identify targets for habitat restoration and potential pathways for species movement and dispersal. Such information is critical for assessing existing or potential habitats and corridors and developing strategic plans to balance habitat conservation and other land uses based on scientifically informed connectivity planning and implementation.     

装备外部冷却方法及在环境试验中的应用概述

首先简述了机载电子装备冷却的基本要素。其次,详细介绍了机载电子装备环控通风冷却、液体冷却方式的具体要求及不同的接口方式。然后,通过实例介绍了装备的不同冷却方式、方法及在实际中的应用。通过试验研究发现,不同的冷却方式不仅对机载电子装备本身有不同程度的影响,还对机载电子装备在环境试验过程中产生极大的影响,从而提出在实际应用中,应着重依据分析的内容考虑机载电子装备需采用的冷却方式,以达到最好的实施效果。