大同市地表水及工业废水中氯苯和酚类化合物的监测

对流经大同市的主要河流和重点工业污染源所排放废水中的氯苯和酚类化合物做了分析测定.对酚类化合物的测定方法进行了改进.研究表明,大同市污染源对御河氯苯类污染物贡献较小,焦化厂酚类化合物排放量较高.     

乌鲁木齐河水中有机悬浮物的分析

本文对乌鲁木齐河中、上游河段悬浮物中的有机物进行了分析，结果表明：冰川站、英雄桥和青年渠道采样点有机物种类达４０余种，总含量分别为１．０，１．１４和１．２ｍｇ．１＾－１，其中Ｃ２９烷烃相对含分别为７．９４％，１５．４９％和１８．４９％，邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯相对含量分别为３０．２８％，２２．２８％和３３．７５％，乌鲁木齐河中、上游河段受到程度不同的酞酸二酯的污染。     

两种高浓度酚醛树脂生产废水的树脂吸附处理及其资源化研究

采用XDA-1树脂吸附和碱液解吸工艺对两种高浓度酚醛树脂生产废水进行处理和回收研究。结果显示,在室温、pH 4~6、流速1~2BV/h条件下,两种废水的酚浓度分别从9500mg/L和24500mg/L降低到1mg/L和5mg/L,CODC r分别从18800mg/L和212000mg/L降低到1450mg/L和97500mg/L。用浓度4%的NaOH溶液在60℃条件下进行解析,解吸效率达99%。从两种废水中分别回收了浓度8%~12%的羟甲基酚和甲基苯酚,既减少了对环境的污染,又回收了资源。     

烷基酚类的生殖干扰毒性与结构相关研究

选用4种烷基酚类化合物,对枝角类生物大型蚤进行24 h急性毒性试验和21 d生殖毒性试验,选取急性试验指标(半数致死浓度)和生殖毒性指标(母蚤存活数、幼蚤生殖量、孵化成活率、幼蚤的雌、雄性个体数等)进行定量构效相关(QSAR)研究.结果表明,所测4种烷基酚化合物均可对大型蚤的生殖特性产生活性影响.其中,4-辛基酚和对壬基酚不但能抑制大型蚤的生殖量,还可改变大型蚤孤雌生殖的幼蚤性别比率.实验化合物的一、二阶分子连接性指数与受试生物体的生殖活性有较好的相关性,且以分子亲核反应为主.      

单歧藻对烷基酚类化合物的生物降解性及QSBR研究

以单歧藻为主要微生物源,用二级反应动力学方程拟合8种烷基酚类化合物的生物降解动力学过程,得到它们在藻中的生物降解速率常数K.采用Mopac软件PM3法及文献资料计算了化合物的多种理化参数,应用SPSS统计软件做回归分析,对1gK进行了结构-生物降解性(QSBR)的研究.结果表明,疏水性参数lgK_ow,分子量M_w,一级价键连接指数1Xv,二级价键连接指数2Xv,生成热△H_f和分子偶极距μ能够较好地拟合烷基酚类化合物的生物降解速率,其中2Xv拟合效果最好.在此基础上,初步分析了烷基酚类化合物的生物降解机理,认为空间参数是决定其生物降解的主要因素,化合物的生成热和电性参数μ,E_homo的影响也不可忽视.      

不同pH值下对发光菌的毒性及QSAR研究

测定了11种苯酚类化合物在不同pH下对发光菌的急性毒性(15minEC50。)。应用两种理化参数logP和pKa对毒性数据进行了定量构效关系(QSARs)研究,并在此基础上初步探讨了苯酚类化合物的毒性机制。结果表明,苯酚类化合物对发光菌的毒性随pH的升高而减小,这与不同pH下苯酚类化合物的电离程度有关。相同pH下,苯酚类化合物的毒性随取代基团的种类、个数及取代位置而不同。苯酚类化合物属于极性麻醉(麻醉Ⅱ型)化合物,毒性可用logP和pKa来联合描述。     

Analysis of PFAAs in American alligators part 1: Concentrations in alligators harvested for consumption during South Carolina public hunts

Environmental contamination resulting from the production or release of harmful chemicals can lead to negative consequences for wildlife and human health. Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) were historically produced as protective coatings for many household items and currently persist in the environment, wildlife, and humans. PFAAs have been linked to immune suppression, endocrine disruption, and developmental toxicity in wildlife and laboratory studies. This study examines the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, as an important indicator of ecosystem contamination and a potential pathway for PFAA exposure in humans. Alligator meat harvested in the 2015 South Carolina (SC) public hunt season and prepared for human consumption was collected and analyzed for PFAAs to determine meat concentrations and relationships with animal body size (total length), sex, and location of harvest. Of the 15 PFAAs analyzed, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was found in all alligator meat samples and at the highest concentrations (median 6.73 ng/g). No relationship was found between PFAA concentrations and total length or sex. Concentrations of one or all compounds varied significantly across sampling locations, with alligators harvested in the Middle Coastal hunt unit having the highest PFOS concentrations (median 16.0 ng/g; p = 0.0001). Alligators harvested specifically from Berkley County, SC (located in the Middle Coastal hunt unit) had the highest PFOS concentrations and the greatest number of PFAAs detected (p < 0.0001). The site-specific nature of PFAA concentrations in alligator meat observed in this study suggests a source of PFAA contamination in Berkley County, SC.     

Sources and distribution of sedimentary organic matter along the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas

In this study, lignin-derived phenols were used to determine the sources and distribution of sedimentary organic matter along the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean. The lignin parameter syringyl/vanillyl (S/V) and cinnamyl/vanillyl (C/V) ratios are used to indicate vegetation sources; and the ratios of vanillic acid/vanillin, (Ad/Al)v and syringic acid/syringaldehyde, (Ad/Al)s are used as indicators of lignin diagenesis. Results showed the predominance of woody gymnosperm signal at the easternmost location in the northern Bering Sea, a mixture of refractory non-woody angiosperm and fresher gymnosperm tissues in the Chukchi Sea, and signal of fresher woody gymnosperm tissues in the northernmost locations in the Chukchi Sea. The lignin materials showed gradual increase in decomposition stage during transport along the northern Bering Sea. Hydrodynamic sorting process, which is the retention of coarser materials nearshore and transportation of finer particles farther offshore, most probably occurred along the east coast of the northern Bering Sea. In Chukchi Sea, the non-woody angiosperm tissues could have originated from the Canadian Arctic and gymnosperm tissues could be from the Russian Arctic side. The fresher materials in the northernmost Chukchi Sea could have been transported here via the ice-rafting process. Detection of fresh lignin materials and the occurrence of lignin decomposition mean that this region could be sensitive to the impact of climate change.     

全自动烷基汞分析仪测定水中烷基汞的方法研究

建立了全自动烷基汞分析仪测定水中的烷基汞(甲基汞,乙基汞)的方法.实验中衍生化反应所用的试剂为含有2.0 mol/L醋酸缓冲液,1%(g/v)NaBEt4(四乙基硼化钠)和1%(g/v)NaBPr4(四丙基硼化钠)的2%(g/v)氢氧化钾-水溶液,经衍生化的水样直接吹扫捕集后,进入气相色谱柱中分离并高温裂解,最后进入冷原子荧光检测器(CVAFS)中检测甲基汞和乙基汞的含量.甲基汞和乙基汞的方法检出限分别为0.002 ng/L和0.005 ng/L.     

烷基苯联合装置风险及控制研究

烷基苯联合装置含有国家安全监管总局首批重点监管的15种危险化工工艺中的加氢工艺、烷基化工艺两种,装置工艺介质为易燃、易爆、有毒及强腐蚀性物质,生产中潜在危险性较大;开展工艺风险研究,落实控制措施,对于提高装置本质安全性具有极为重要意义.首先探讨了工艺危险和要害部位,确认装置主要风险为火灾、爆炸和毒性危害;然后应用HAZOP方法,以加氢反应进料加热炉、烷基化反应器为分析对象,研究了工艺状态参数温度、压力、物料流量等方面出现偏差的原因、后果及安全措施;还对氢气泄漏发生火灾、爆炸和苯泄漏发生火灾、爆炸、人员中毒进行了事故后果定量分析,提出了相应的安全措施,以消除或降低工艺危险,保障装置安全.