烷基多糖苷季铵盐改性粘土治理赤潮研究

研究了新型表面活性剂烷基多糖苷季铵盐在2种粘土高岭土和膨润土上的吸附行为,发现其在2种粘土上的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,并且吸附速率很快,在1～2min之内就能够达到吸附平衡,经红外分析发现其可以对粘土进行有效改性.在此基础上,还研究了烷基多糖苷季铵盐对东海原甲藻、强壮前沟藻、锥状斯氏藻生长的影响以及2种有机改性粘土对赤潮藻的去除情况和絮凝动力学.结果表明,烷基多糖苷季铵盐用量分别为0～0.4 mg/L、0～0.5 mg/L、0～0.8 mg/L时,对上述3种藻的生长只是抑制作用;当浓度为0.6～1.2 mg/L、0.75～1.5 mg/L、1.2～2.4 mg/L时,就会阻碍上述3种藻的生长,并且3d之后能够使其几乎全部死亡.用其改性粘土后,在与原土相同的用量条件下可将对赤潮藻的去除率从20%左右提高到90%以上,大大降低了有效去除赤潮藻的粘土用量.其沉降动力学研究表明,粘土的种类、用量以及改性剂的用量都是影响体系沉降速率的重要因素,在实际应用中可以根据不同的情况而改变其中的某个因素以达到提高沉降速率的效果.     

三峡库区丰水期表层水中酚类的分布特征及潜在风险

采用GC/MS技术对三峡库区干流及22条支流的47个表层水样中的15种酚类化合物进行分析,结果表明库区干流和支流表层水样中酚类总浓度的几何均值分别为52.47和87.99 ng.L-1.干流和支流中非氯酚类总浓度的几何均值均大于氯酚类,库区表层水以非氯代酚组分为主.苯酚、邻甲酚和2-硝基酚是库区干流水样中主要的酚类,分别占干流Σ酚类的79.1%、3.7%和3.6%.苯酚、邻甲酚、2,6-二氯酚和2-硝基酚是库区支流水样中的优势污染物,分别占支流Σ酚类的77.5%、5.4%、3.8%和2.2%.本研究中苯酚和2-硝基酚的检出浓度与《国家污染物环境健康风险名录》中的标准限值相比较,远低于可能导致生物毒性危害的标准限值,与国内外其他地区水体中苯酚含量相比也处于较低污染水平,说明表层水样中苯酚与2-硝基酚污染给研究区水环境带来的潜在风险较小.     

Simultaneous determination of brominated phenols in soils

Brominated phenols （BPs）, a widely used group of emerging flame retardants, are important environmental contaminants and exhibit endocrine disrupting potential. Method for simultaneous determination of tetrabromobisphenol A （TBBPA）, tribromophenol （TBP）, dibromophenols （DBPs） and monobromophenols （MBPs） in soils using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis （GC/MS） was successfully developed. Cleanup methods for soil extracts including several solid-phase extraction cartridges and different elution solvents were compared and optimized. Florisil cartridge with dichloromethane as the elution reagent was selected for sample cleanup owing to its high and reproducible recoveries of the target analytes in soils. Derivatization conditions were tested and the optimal conditions were obtained with 20 μL silylation reagent at room temperature. The chromatographic separation was optimized with different columns and DB-XLB column was selected for its excellent separation of the analytes. The limits of detection for the target compounds were from 0.04 to 0.19 ng/g. Mean recoveries of the compounds from spiked soils exceeded 84% with a good reproducibility, excepting that the recovery of 2-bromophenol was relatively poor （lower than 55%） due to its instability. The developed method was applied to the determination of the BPs in the soils collected from e-waste sites. The contents of BPs in the soils were at ng/g levels with TBBPA and TBP the most frequently detected. To our knowledge, this is the first report for the simultaneous determination of TBBPA, TBP, DBPs and MBPs in soils.     

液桥凝聚用于办公废纸脱墨的研究

研究了混合办公废纸脱墨的选择性凝聚技术，在废纸浆中添加分散在水中并不与水相溶的长链烷作凝聚剂，这些凝聚剂选择性地将印刷墨粉通过液桥连结在一起，且形成大颗粒的球形聚团，再分选脱除。研究表明只需要加入占纸重量4％的廉价长链烷，即可获得95％以上的脱墨率。因此在混合办公废纸脱墨时加入凝聚剂进行液桥凝聚，可降低脱墨浆中的尘埃度并增加产品的白度。     

沈阳市典型城市河流优先控制污染物筛选及生态环境风险评估

细河和蒲河接纳了沈阳市工业废水的排放,水体中有毒、有害污染物不容忽视.为了明确河流中优先控制污染物,评价实际暴露水平下优先控制污染物对该水系生态环境的风险,选择细河和蒲河表层水为研究对象,开展了平水期、丰水期和枯水期的采样及有机污染物的检测分析;通过改进的潜在危害指数法对水体中检出的52种有机污染物打分排序,筛选了优先控制污染物;将效应评价外推法与商值法结合评价了优先控制污染物的生态环境风险.结果表明:52种有机污染物在细河中检出的平均质量浓度范围为9.20×10-6~1.37×10-1 mg/L,在蒲河中检出的平均质量浓度范围为4.30×10-6~3.03×10-2 mg/L.细河或蒲河中这些污染物的危害指数总分值（R）在22分以上的分别有12和13种,其中,PAEs（酞酸酯类）占6种,苯酚类污染物占4种.在细河中,DBP（邻苯二甲酸二丁酯）、苯酚、对甲基苯酚、2,4-二甲基苯酚和2,4,6-三甲基苯酚的R_q（风险商）>1,表明这些污染物存在较大的生态环境风险;在蒲河中,DBP、DEHP[邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯]和苯酚的R_q>1,表明这些污染物存在较高生态环境风险水平.研究显示,在细河、蒲河中PAEs和苯酚类有机物为优先控制污染物,其中部分优先控制污染物具有较高的生态环境风险,可为该流域有毒、有害物污染控制方案的制定提供参考和指导.      

Distribution of perfluorinated alkyl substances in marine shellfish along the Chinese Bohai Sea coast

Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants, which pose a threat to human health primarily by dietary exposure, especially through seafood. Bohai Sea (a semi-closed sea located north of China) is an important shellfish aquaculture area that is possibly highly-polluted with PFASs. In this study, we first evaluated contamination by PFASs in a total of 230 samples of marine shellfish from the Bohai Sea. Samples included five important shellfish species, collected from important aquaculture spots distributed around the Bohai Sea. Samples were analyzed by an ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, which could simultaneously detect 23 PFASs in shellfish. Our research verified that PFASs have become a threat to the safety of shellfish products in this area. Furthermore, contamination by PFASs in shellfish changed depending on the components of PFASs, the species of shellfish, and the sampling sites. Many of the 23 target compounds contributed to the high detection ratio (>50%) as follows: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)?>?perfluorononanoic acid?>?perfluorodecanesulfonic acid?>?perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Compared with other dominant components, PFOA not only had the highest detection percentage in shellfish samples (98.3%), but its detection level contributed to 87.2% of total PFASs concentrations, indicating that PFOA is the major threat to the safety of shellfish products. The highest level of PFAS was found in clams (62.5?ng?g^?1 wet weight of PFOA). The concentration of total PFAS in different shellfish species showed the following trend: clams?>?mussels?>?scallops?>?whelks?>?oysters. The maximum concentration of total PFAS or PFOA was found in Shouguang. The total concentration of PFOS and its precursor were highest in Cangzhou, possibly due to local industrial activities. The results presented in this paper provide new data on the contamination of marine shellfish along the Bohai Sea coasts in China, and constitute a reference for future monitoring of contamination by emerging contaminants in Bohai coast.     

Alkyl polyglucosides as cell surface modification factors: influence of the alkyl chain length

The use of surfactants in a bioremediation process is aimed at increasing the efficiency of the removal of hydrophobic contaminants from the environment. The subjects of the study were three alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) of different alkyl chain length: Glucopon 215 CS UP, Glucopon 600 CS UP, and Glucopon 650 EC. The impact of these surfactants on the surface properties of the test strain Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 14700, as well as on the biodegradation of diesel was tested. It was observed, that the length of alkyl chain has an influence on the cell surface properties. The modification of the cell surface hydrophobicity and the electrokinetic potential on the bacteria cells is dependent on the structure of Glucopon molecules. The elongation of alkyl chains in surfactant molecule caused an increase of the hydrophobic properties and a reduction of the electrokinetic potential on the bacteria cells. Moreover, the use of APGs below critical micelle concentration caused an increase of diesel oil biodegradation, especially in the case of Glucopons with longer alkyl chain (Glucopon 600 CS UP and 650 EC). The better diesel oil removal by tested strain after surfactant addition was correlated with the hydrophobic properties of bacteria strain.     

水中痕量酚类的分离富集及色谱分析

本文综述了近十年来水中重要有机污柒物—酚类化合物的分离富集技术,以及色谱法(GC法和HPLC法)分析。     

协同-络合萃取法回收含酚废水中的酚类

在现有的各种回收处理高浓度含酚废水的方法中,溶剂萃取法最为有效.但现有常用脱酚萃取剂分别存在着萃取效能低等诸多缺点,萃残液中一般尚存有几十至几百mg·l~(-1)的酚类,本文提出了协同-络合萃取法,并按该法原理研制了HC-1—HC-4四类新型协同-络合萃取剂.其中HC-3和HC-4对苯酚稀溶液的萃取平衡常数分别为K_((?)C-3)=612.4和K_((?)C-4)=483.7,单级萃取可将两组中高浓度的含酚废水中酚浓度降至10mg·l~(-1)以厂,脱酚率>99%.该法为一步脱酚达标提供了可能性.     

Experimental design of Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions for the treatment of cellulose bleaching effluents

Multivariate experimental design was applied to the treatment of a cellulose conventional bleaching effluent in order to evaluate the use of the Fenton reagent under solar light irradiation. The effluent was characterised by the general parameters total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand and color, and it was analysed for chlorinated low molecular weight compounds using GC–MS. The main parameters that govern the complex reactive system: Fe(II) and H₂O₂ initial concentration, and temperature were simultaneously studied. Factorial experimental design allowed to assign the weight of each variable in the TOC removal after 15 min of reaction. Temperature had an important effect in the organic matter degradation, especially when the ratio of Fenton reagents was not properly chosen. Fenton reagent under solar irradiation proved to be highly effective for these types of wastewaters. A 90% TOC reduction was achieved in only 15 min of treatment. In addition, the GC–MS analysis showed the elimination of the chlorinated organic compounds initially detected in the studied bleaching effluents.