基于大气成分观测网的山西省近地面O3体积分数分布特征

利用山西省6个大气成分观测站2019年3月至2020年2月的反应性气体O₃、NO、NO₂和NO_x连续观测资料以及同期气象资料,采用统计分析和后向轨迹分析等方法,对山西近地面O₃体积分数变化特征及影响因素进行了对比研究.结果表明,6个站的O₃体积分数一般在4~9月较高,10月至翌年3月较低,研究期内山西南部的晋城和临汾2站的O₃日最大8h体积分数滑动平均值φ（MDA8O₃）超标最严重,其次是北部的五台山、朔州和大同3站,中部的太原站O₃污染较轻.对比城市站和高山站发现,两类站点的O₃体积分数季节变化虽都表现为：夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季,但前者主要受前体物NO_x光化学反应的影响,后者的NO_x并不是产生高体积分数O₃的主要来源;两类站点的O₃日变化谱型截然相反,城市站O₃小时平均体积分数的峰谷值分别出现在15：00和06：00,而高山站分别出现在20：00和10：00,分别比城市站滞后了约5 h;此外城市站的O₃日振幅明显大于高山站.就城市站而言,相较日照时数、降水量和总云量,气温对O₃体积分数的影响更为显著;白天的NO₂体积分数直接影响O₃的日振幅大小,尽管太原站O₃的光化学生成潜力也较高,由于被高体积分数的NO滴定消耗,O₃体积分数为城市站中最低;各城市站高体积分数的O₃对应低体积分数的NO_x,低NO_x以NO₂为主,高NO_x的贡献则主要来自NO,在较高NO_x体积分数时,O₃基本上完全被消耗.影响全部站点O₃体积分数升高的地面风主要来自东南、南和西南方向,特定的风速条件将导致站点O₃体积分数增加.站点地理位置不同会引起大气污染物输送作用的差异,而来自华北平原和汾渭平原高浓度O₃的水平输送很可能是造成山西各站点O₃体积分数升高的共同原因.     

不同形态氮添加对多年生高寒栽培草地土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响

探究不同氮素形态对多年生高寒栽培草地土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响,以期为制定多年生高寒栽培草地氮添加方案提供科学依据.于2022年6月,在青海省海南藏族自治州共和县巴卡台农牧场以建植4龄的青海草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis Qinghai）+青海中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis Qinghai）混播草地为研究对象,以不施肥为对照（CK）,设置3个不同形态氮素处理,分别为U:尿素（酰胺态氮）、A:硫酸铵（铵态氮）和N:硝酸钙（硝态氮）,各处理的氮素施用量均为67.5 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,对不同处理下土壤养分和微生物群落组成及多样性进行分析.结果表明,外源铵态氮输入显著提高了NH₄ ⁺-N含量、AP含量和EC,酰胺态氮输入显著提高了SOC含量和TN含量,硝态氮输入显著提高了NO₃ ^--N含量、AN含量和TC含量.外源氮输入改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落结构以及优势菌门和属的相对丰度,但对细菌和真菌群落的Alpha多样性没有显著影响.主坐标分析（PCoA）表明,不同形态氮添加对细菌群落的Beta多样性具有显著影响,而对真菌群落影响不显著.冗余分析（RDA）表明,氮添加主要通过土壤铵态氮来改变微生物群落组成和结构.综合而言,在青藏高原多年生栽培草地土壤修复过程中,应优先考虑铵态氮肥.     

Stability of alpine timberline ecotone on Taibai Mountain,China

--Landscape boundaries are always indicated by thevegetation boundaries. As an ecotone between closed forest andtreeline, alpine timberline may respond to global climate changessensitively. The stability of timberline and treeline depend notonly on climate change, but also on the interaction of both sidesof the ecosystems. Three natural boundaries existing in thetimberline transitional zone are recognized (1) timberline (upperlimit of closed forest zone); (2) treeline (upper limit of treeislands zone); (3) tree-species line (upper limit of individualtree growth). Paleobotanical and sedimentary evidences suggest thatthere were several times of climate fluctuation during the Holoceneperiod in this area. The timberline of Taibai Mountain must havemoved for four times on the millennium scale. Being a stochasticoscillation boundary, treeline appears in a semi-stable conditionon the century scale. The tree-species line is even more unstable,which appears in an unstable status on the decades scale. Thecomparison of the stability within several landscape boundaries,shed light on the sensibility of these communities to variousperturbation and environmental heterogeneity, i.e., herb community is the most sensitive one, which is followed by shrubs, and forestis the most stable one. Trees and shrubs can adapt to rocky andpoor soils. On the contrary, alpine herbs are able to adapt towetter and cooler soils. Finally, under a scenario of a temperatureof 1.5-4.5℃ increase, the present timberline will be relativelystable but treeline and tree-species line will move upward.     

Element cycling in the dominant plant community in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains, China

Element cycling in the dominant plant communities including Rh. aureum, Rh. redowskianum and Vaccinium uliginosum in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains in northeast China was studied. The results indicate that the amount of elements from litter decomposition was less than that of the plant uptake from soil, but that from plant uptake was higher than that in soil with mineralization process released. On the other hand, in the open system including precipitation input and soil leaching output, because of great number of elements from precipitation into the open system, the element cycling(except N, P) in the Alpine tundra ecosystem was in a dynamic balance. In this study, it was also found that different organ of plants had significant difference in accumulating elements. Ca, Mg, P and N were accumulated more obviously in leaves, while Fe was in roots. The degree of concentration of elements in different tissues of the same organ of the plants also was different, a higher concentration of Ca, Mg, P and N in mesophyll than in nerve but Fe was in a reversed order. The phenomenon indicates ( 1 ) a variety of biochemical functions of different elements, (2) the elements in mesophyll were with a shorter turnover period than those in nerve or fibre, but higher utilization rate for plant. Therefore, this study implies the significance of keeping element dynamic balance in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.     

高原高寒环境对武器装备的影响研究

目的研究高原高寒环境对武器装备的影响。方法利用查阅文献、问卷调查、实装检测等方法分析研究西南高原高寒环境对武器装备的影响。结果高原高寒环境对武器装备的性能、电子设备、机能、维修保养、射程偏差、机动能力等方面带来较大影响。结论高原高寒环境因素影响降低了武器装备环境适应性,降低了其原有的作战效能。研究分析结果将为相关论证、研制、生产、使用部门提供重要的借鉴意义。     

冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响

采用Bremner氮素分级方法,研究冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响.结果表明:随着冻融时间的变化,微生物量氮含量先减少后增加,在冻融1 d后达到最小值,4℃、-4℃、-4～4℃和-20～4℃处理下分别下降了50.37%、57.47%、37.79%和37.51%;氨基酸氮和氨基糖氮变化趋势相同,先增加后减少,均在冻融1 d后达到最大值,各处理氨基酸氮含量分别为处理前的1.6倍、1.47倍、1.44倍和1.5倍,氨基糖分别为处理前的1.66倍、1.58倍、1.65倍和1.91倍;氨态氮含量先增加后减少,-20～4℃处理在冻融1 d后为处理前的1.25倍,其余3个处理在冻融3 d后达到最大值;各处理酸解未知氮的变化趋势大体相同,在冻融25 d后达到最小值.研究表明冻融时间对微生物量氮和有机氮组分影响显著,微生物量氮含量是有机氮组分变化的主要原因.     

Assessing alpine plant vulnerability to climate change: a modeling perspective

The potential ecological impact of ongoing climate change has been much discussed. High mountain ecosystems were identified early on as potentially very sensitive areas. Scenarios of upward species movement and vegetation shift are commonly discussed in the literature. Mountains being characteristically conic in shape, impact scenarios usually assume that a smaller surface area will be available as species move up. However, as the frequency distribution of additional physiographic factors (e.g., slope angle) changes with increasing elevation (e.g., with few gentle slopes available at higher elevation), species migrating upslope may encounter increasingly unsuitable conditions. As a result, many species could suffer severe reduction of their habitat surface, which could in turn affect patterns of biodiversity. In this paper, results from static plant distribution modeling are used to derive climate change impact scenarios in a high mountain environment. Models are adjusted with presence/absence of species. Environmental predictors used are: annual mean air temperature, slope, indices of topographic position, geology, rock cover, modeled permafrost and several indices of solar radiation and snow cover duration. Potential Habitat Distribution maps were drawn for 62 higher plant species, from which three separate climate change impact scenarios were derived. These scenarios show a great range of response, depending on the species and the degree of warming. Alpine species would be at greatest risk of local extinction, whereas species with a large elevation range would run the lowest risk. Limitations of the models and scenarios are further discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高寒草甸植物群落谱系结构与多样性格局

为了解青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落谱系结构及物种多样性在海拔梯度上的变化,以甘南藏族自治州的高寒草甸植物群落为对象,选取五个不同海拔的研究样地,进行野外群落学调查及环境因子的测量,计算净亲缘指数（net relatedness index,NRI）和最近亲缘指数（nearest taxon index,NTI）等,探讨了群落谱系结构与谱系多样性的海拔格局变化.结果表明：随海拔升高,土壤温度、含水量、土壤全氮及有机碳均呈现降低趋势.植物群落物种丰富度、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数及谱系α多样性随海拔升高均呈现单峰变化规律,即在海拔3500m处植物群落α多样性达到最大;谱系β多样性指数betaMPD随海拔增加呈升高趋势,反映物种聚集受到生境过滤的显著影响.低海拔（3000m）群落谱系发散（NRI<0,NTI<0）,竞争排斥起到主要作用;中低海拔（3250m）和中海拔（3500m）处同时存在聚集（NRI>0,NTI>0）和发散（NRI<0,NTI<0）两种谱系结构,生境过滤和竞争排斥共同维持群落物种多样性;高海拔（3750m、4000m）群落谱系结构聚集（NRI>0,NTI>0）,其驱动因素与物种趋同进化和生境过滤有关.多元回归分析显示,在不同海拔,土温和土壤含水量成为物种共存的主要影响因素.本研究揭示青藏高原高寒草甸海拔梯度植物群落谱系结构及多样性格局的变化,说明生态位过程是维持其群落多样性的重要机制.     

直升机航电系统高原高寒环境适应性评估

目的研究高原高寒环境对直升机航电系统试验的影响、应对以及直升机环境适应性评价方法。方法通过分析高原高寒环境对直升机航电系统的影响因素,建立评价指标体系,运用模糊综合评价方法,得出直升机航电系统在高原高寒环境下适应性评价值。结果直升机高原高寒适应性可分为两个一级指标,12个二级指标,其中高原适应性评价指标的权重为0.7983,高寒适应性的权重指标为0.2135。某直升机高原高寒适应性模糊综合评价值为0.7692,适应性综合评价为较好。结论高原、高寒地区特殊的自然环境、地形地貌、气候条件等都会对航空装备的试验和使用产生很大的影响,航空装备乃至武器装备环境适应性试验的重要性与日俱增,运用模糊综合评价方法能够有效地进行直升机航电系统高原高寒环境适应性评价,提高试验效率。     

拉萨河流域高寒湿地水质影响因子分析

西藏高寒湿地在生态平衡、生态建设和经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用。本文以西藏拉萨河流域内各个典型高寒湿地为研究对象,通过系统聚类法和综合污染指数法,对流域内各项水质指标进行综合分析和评价。结果表明：各个湿地的总N、Cu元素含量都超出了Ⅰ类水质标准;总P、Zn没有超标;Mn元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标3倍外,其他均小于国家标准;Fe元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标7倍外,其他均小于标准。总N、总P、pH值、Cu、Fe等因子对拉萨河流域内各个高寒湿地水质污染贡献最大。拉萨河水体有机污染较重,其余各个湿地有水体富营养化的趋势,同时流域内湿地独特的自然因素造成该流域内重金属污染偏高。对策建议包括应加大对城市污水的治理,加强流域内及周边矿藏资源的开发管理等。