Characterization of humic acids extracted from the sediments of the various rivers and lakes in China

The humic acids (HAs) isolated from the sediments of the various rivers,lakes,and reservoirs in China were studied using elemental analyzer,fourier transform infrared (FT-IR),and CP/MAS 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.The results showed that the HAs were characterized by some common chemical and physicochemical properties,but they also pose some differences in the C-containing functional groups.The C/N,C/H,O/C,and O/H ratios differ widely for the various HAs,showing that the elemental comp...     

Enhanced nitrogen removal upon the addition of volatile fatty acids from activated sludge by combining calcium peroxide and low-thermal pretreatments

This study investigated a combined low-thermal and CaO₂ pretreatment to enhance the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from waste activated sludge (WAS). The fermentative product was added to a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an external carbon source to enhance nitrogen removal. The results showed that the combined pretreatment improved WAS solubilization, releasing more biodegradable substrates, such as proteins and polysaccharides, from TB-EPS to LB-EPS and S-EPS. The maximum VFA production of 3529 ± 188 mg COD/L was obtained in the combined pretreatment (0.2 g CaO₂/g VS + 70 °C for 60 min), which was 2.1 and 1.4-fold of that obtained from the sole low-thermal pretreatment and the control test, respectively. Consequently, when the fermentative liquid was added as an external denitrification carbon source, the effluent total nitrogen decreased to Class A of the discharge standard for pollutants in rural wastewater treatment plants in most areas of China.     

压气机叶片用耐冲刷防腐有机涂层的制备及性能研究

目的 提高压气机叶片有机涂层的耐冲刷和防腐性能.方法 以氨基改性环氧树脂为粘接剂,通过加入高硬度Al2O3填料以及其他着色、防锈颜料,并充分分散,制备一种具有耐冲刷防腐功能的有机涂层.通过摆杆硬度测试、磨耗测试、冲刷测试、腐蚀测试及其他力学性能测试,对耐冲刷防腐有机涂层的综合性能进行评价,对比高硬度Al2O3填料含量对涂层性能的影响.结果 添加高硬度Al2O3填料,有效提高了涂层的硬度、耐磨耗性和冲刷性.当添加量为15％(质量分数)时,性能达到最优,硬度为0.92,冲刷失效时间为常温的475 s和高温的385 s,相比未添加氧化铝时,性能提高了300％以上.进一步添加氧化铝填料将对涂层形貌和粗糙度有较大劣化影响,硬度和耐冲刷性都相应降低,但耐磨耗性数据却在不断提高,涂层的摆杆硬度更能反映真实的耐冲刷能力.研制的耐冲刷有机涂层综合性能优异,相比渗铝等无机涂层工艺,该涂层还具有腐蚀防护的特性.结论 高硬度Al2O3填料的加入可以有效提高涂层的耐冲刷能力,但需控制添加量,以免影响涂层的粗糙度,有机耐冲刷涂层的腐蚀防护性能相比传统无机涂层具有明显优势.     

不同水解方法对土壤中性糖和氨基糖含量测定的影响

碳水化合物是土壤有机质的重要组成成分,其含量和特性对土壤性质有很大的影响。水解试剂的选择对土壤碳水化合物测定的准确度有着至关重要的影响,文章首次研究了不同水解方法测定土壤中性糖和氨基糖含量的差异。结果表明,中性糖的最佳水解条件为4mol·L-1三氟乙酸(TFA)在105℃下水解4h,氨基糖的最佳水解条件为6mol·L-1HCl在105℃下水解8h。此外文章实现了8种中性糖(核糖、鼠李糖、岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖)和4种氨基糖(氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖、氨基甘露糖和胞壁酸)同时在DM-1毛细管气相色谱柱上的基线分离且本方法具有一定的精密度和准确度。该实验的研究将为土壤中性糖和氨基糖的同时分析提供一定的技术支持和理论基础。     

Dicarboxylic acid concentration trends and sampling artifacts

Dicarboxylic acids associated with airborne particulate matter were measured during a summer period in Philadelphia that included multiple air pollution episodes. Samples were collected for two 10 h periods each day using a high-volume sampler with two quartz fiber filters in series, and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) with diazomethane derivatization. Among the dicarboxylic acids investigated, phthalic acid and adipic acid exhibited the greatest diurnal variations and the strongest linear relationship with maximum daily ozone concentration. Dicarboxylic acids and ozone concentration exhibited a poor linear relationship with organic to elemental carbon ratio. All species investigated were affected by significant sampling artifact errors at low concentrations, but sampling errors were negligible at high concentrations observed during ozone episodes.     

New insights into different surfactants’ impacts on sludge fermentation: Focusing on the particular metabolic processes and microbial genetic traits

• The promoting effects for VFA generation follow the order of APG>SDBS>HTAB. • Surfactants improve the WAS solubilization/hydrolysis and acidification processes. • The VFA promotion is associated with surfactants’ distinctive characteristics. • Surfactants induce the enrichment of functional bacteria for VFA biosynthesis. • The vital genes for substrates delivery, metabolism, and VFA yields are upregulated. Surfactants were expected to exhibit positive effects on the waste activated sludge (WAS) disposal. However, the systematic comparison of different categories of surfactants on the WAS fermentation and the functional mechanisms, especially microbial metabolic traits, have not yet been precisely explored. This study revealed the positive effects of different surfactants on the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, which followed the order of alkyl polysaccharides (APG)>sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)>hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB). Mechanistic exploration found that the presence of different surfactants improved solubilization and hydrolysis steps, and then contributed to the subsequent acidification with different efficiencies. The functional microorganisms associated with VFA generation were enriched in surfactant-conditioned reactors. Metagenomic analysis further indicated that the key genes involved in the particular process of VFA generation were over-expressed. The simultaneous bioavailable substrate improvement, functional bacterial enrichment, and metabolic activity upregulation induced by different surfactants jointly contributed to VFA promotion during WAS fermentation. This study could provide a comprehensive realization of surfactants’ impacts on the WAS fermentation process, and more importantly, it reminded the public to discern the distinct interplaying effects induced by different chemicals in regulating the WAS disposal and resource recovery.     

The effects of seston food quality on planktonic food web patterns

In planktonic food webs, the conversion rate of plant material to herbivore biomass is determined by a variety of factors such as seston biochemical/elemental composition, phytoplankton cell morphology, and colony architecture. Despite the overwhelming heterogeneity characterizing the plant–animal interface, plankton population models usually misrepresent the food quality constraints imposed on zooplankton growth. In this study, we reformulate the zooplankton grazing term to include seston food quality effects on zooplankton assimilation efficiency and examine its ramifications on system stability. Using different phytoplankton parameterizations with regards to growth strategies, light requirements, sinking rates, and food quality, we examined the dynamics induced in planktonic systems under varying zooplankton mortality/fish predation, light conditions, nutrient availability, and detritus food quality levels. In general, our analysis suggests that high food quality tends to stabilize the planktonic systems, whereas unforced oscillations (limit cycles) emerge with lower seston food quality. For a given phytoplankton specification and resource availability, the amplitude of the plankton oscillations is primarily modulated from zooplankton mortality and secondarily from the nutritional quality of the alternative food source (i.e., detritus). When the phytoplankton community is parameterized as a cyanobacterium-like species, conditions of high nutrient availability combined with high zooplankton mortality led to phytoplankton biomass accumulation, whereas a diatom-like parameterization resulted in relatively low phytoplankton to zooplankton biomass ratios highlighting the notion that high phytoplankton food quality allows the zooplankton community to sustain relatively high biomass and to suppress phytoplankton biomass to low levels. During nutrient and light enrichment conditions, both phytoplankton and detritus food quality determine the extent of the limit cycle region, whereas high algal food quality increases system resilience by shifting the oscillatory region towards lower light attenuation levels. Detritus food quality seems to regulate the amplitude of the dynamic oscillations following enrichment, when algal food quality is low. These results highlight the profitability of the alternative food sources for the grazer as an important predictor for the dynamic behavior of primary producer–grazer interactions in nature.     

氨基酸对烷烃降解菌GS3C降解性能的影响

从广州石油化工总厂污水处理站旁的油泥混合物中分离筛选得到一株烷烃降解菌GS3C,从生理生化及16S rDNA基因扩增测序等方面进行了鉴定,并在振荡好氧培养条件下研究该菌的降解性能及酵母浸膏、碳源、氮源、维生素、水解酪蛋白等营养物对其降解的影响,同时考察不同氨基酸对降解的影响. 结果表明,该菌的16S rDNA基因扩增序列与Burkholderia cepacia的同源性为97%,初步断定该菌株属于洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia),酵母浸膏能促进其对正十六烷的降解,其主要因素为氨基酸对降解的促进作用. 谷氨酸、脯氨酸、赖氨酸、缬氨酸及亮氨酸的混合物对降解菌GS3C的代谢促进作用最好,其中赖氨酸与脯氨酸为关键的2种氨基酸.      

鼠李糖脂对硅藻生长的影响及其选择性抑藻作用

以尖刺拟菱形藻[Pseudo-nitzschiapungens(PS0201-01)]、双突角毛藻(ChaetocerosDidymus)、柔弱角毛藻(Chaertocerosdebilis)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceroscurvisetus)和新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclosterium)5种硅藻为研究对象,探讨了铜绿假单胞菌产鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性剂对海洋硅藻生长的影响.结果表明,当鼠李糖脂的浓度从0.5mg/L至10.0mg/L逐渐递增时,对5种硅藻的生长表现出了不同程度的抑制作用.通过各海洋硅藻脂肪酸组成的差异分析了鼠李糖脂对不同硅藻生长抑制作用具有差异的原因.结果表明,这种差异性与各海洋硅藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成不同相关,海洋硅藻的各种多不饱和脂肪酸的含量越低,相对应的96h-EC50值越低,鼠李糖脂对其生长抑制作用越强,反之亦然.进一步探讨了鼠李糖脂抑藻效果与分属不同门类的多种海洋微藻的脂肪酸组成的关系,确证了鼠李糖脂的选择性抑藻作用与不同海洋微藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成不同相关.     

生物降解与吸附作用协同去除卤乙酸生成势

评价了生物强化活性炭(BAC)的生物降解与吸附作用协同对消毒副产物前体物质(DBPFP)的控制效果.控制 BAC 的空床接触时间(EBCT)为 20min 时,BAC 对卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)的去除率达到 59%,而相同条件下,普通颗粒炭(GAC)对其去除率只有 27%.BAC 工艺中微生物数量和微生物活性均明显高于 GAC 工艺.通过微生物降解作用和活性炭吸附作用的协同,BAC 对 HAAFP 的去除率与 EBCT 具有明显的线性相关性(R²=0.9069).BAC 出水中指标 UV254与 HAAFP 也表现出一定的线性相关性(R²=0.7702).