丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯塑料、四溴双酚A混合物的热解实验:含溴二噁英生成研究

模拟电子垃圾热回收处理过程,将丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯塑料(ABS)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)分别与4种金属(Cu、Fe、Zn和Ni)进行混合,在自制的加热装置内开展了不同气氛、不同温度条件下热解实验研究。对产物溴代二噁英(PBDD/Fs)检测显示,2,3,7,8-TBDF、2,3,7,8-TBDD及1,2,3,4,7,8-与1,2,3,6,7,8-Hx BDD为主要产物,其中2,3,7,8-TBDF含量最高,约占总PBDD/Fs的12%~90%。反应生成的8种2,3,7,8-PBDD/Fs浓度范围为0.05~2 082 ng·g-1。在同等实验条件下,温度升高有利于ABS塑料混合物中PBDD/Fs的生成。Cu、Fe、Zn和Ni四种金属都具有催化效应。空气、氮气气氛下热解实验显示,空气气氛下PBDD/Fs的生成量大,2种条件下生成的二噁英总量比值在0.8~99.6之间变化。无金属催化条件下此比值变化范围较小,为0.8~1.5;在金属参与条件下,此比值变化范围加大,为1.2~99.6;其中,在Cu和Fe参与下,此比值较高。各种热解条件下形成的PBDD/Fs都具有PBDFsPBDDs的特征。研究结果说明,虽然无金属参与条件下含TBBPA的ABS热解生成溴代二噁英浓度较低,但金属(如Cu等)存在时,此类污染物的浓度显著增加。     

PVC热解过程中HCl的生成及其影响因素

采用热重分析仪(TG)对聚氯乙烯(PVC)的热解特性进行研究.在不同条件下进行PVC热解制取氯化氢(HCl)实验,研究载气流量、入料量、热解时间和热解温度对氯化氢产率的影响,得出最佳热解条件;采用离子色谱(IC)、气相色谱(GC)、气质联用仪(GC-MS)对热解产物进行化学分析,揭示PVC热解制取HCl过程的反应机理.结果表明:PVC热解制取氯化氢的最佳热解条件为载气流量100mL/min、热解时间30min、入料量1.2g和热解温度400℃;PVC热解存在2个失重阶段,即260~320 ℃和390~600 ℃;随热解温度升高,焦油产率由0.95%升高到20.29%、HCl产率由25.69%升高到53.76%,而半焦产率则由54.39%下降到11.27%、气体产率变化范围为9.09%~18.97%;当热解温度低于400 ℃时,气体组分仅检测到H2、C2H4、C3H6;当热解温度高于400 ℃时,检测到的气体组分为H2、CH4、C2H4、C2H6、C3H6、C3H8;随着热解温度的升高,焦油组分中不稳定组分逐渐转化为稳定组分.PVC热解制取HCl的第1反应阶段主要是脱除HCl的链式反应,同时生成少量的苯等芳香族化合物及环烷烃等有机化合物;第2反应阶段主要为少量HCl生成、焦油的结构重整、分子重排、脱苯环和同分异构化等.     

Comparative study on the efficiency and environmental impact of two methods of utilizing polyvinyl chloride waste based on life cycle assessments

Two processes of utilizing polyvinyl chloride （PVC） waste, an incineration process and a vacuum pyrolysis process, for energy conversion were compared to determine their efficiency and environmental perfor- mance. We carried out a life cycle assessment with each of the two processes to evaluate their environmental impact and defined the goals and limits of our remit. As well, we established an inventory of PVC waste from incineration and vacuum pyrolysis based on process analysis, data collection and calculations. The results show that electrical power output per unit mass of PVC waste in the incineration process was twice as high as that of the vacuum pyrolysis process. Incineration had a larger total environmental impact potential than vacuum pyrolysis. The total environmental impact potential of PVC waste from incineration was three times higher than that from vacuum pyrolysis. Incineration of PVC disposed 300 ng. 100 kgI of dioxins and vacuum pyrolysis 98.19 ng- 100 kgI of dioxins. As well, we analyzed the data for their uncertainty with results quantified in terms of three uncertainties： basic uncertainty, additional uncertainty, and computational uncertainty. The coefficients of variation of the data were less than 25% and the quality of the inventory data was acceptable with low uncertainty. Both PVC waste disposal processes were of similar quality and their results comparable. The results of our life cycle impact assessment （LCIA） showed considerable reliability of our methodology. Overall, the vacuum pyrolysis process has a number advantages and greater potential for development of PVC disposal than the incineration process.     

大气环境质量灰色聚类关联分析法的应用研究

在讨论大气环境质量灰色聚类关联评价法的基础上,通过应用实例和与灰色聚类法及灰色关联法的比较分析,验证了这种评价法的合理性和可靠性。     

燃煤电站SCR烟气脱硝还原剂尿素热解热源的选择

介绍了燃煤电站SCR尿素热解工艺,结合当前燃料价格,通过工程案例计算,对比了各种尿素热解热源的运行费用。计算结果表明,高温蒸汽加热方案的运行费用最省,但在实际应用中受到相关条件的限制;在一定条件下,燃气加热与电加热方案是工程的优选技术方案。     

A simple and robust method for determination of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) oil in neem oil coated urea

The production of neem oil coated urea (NOCU), a technology developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, has been grown to over 2.0 million tons per year. The estimation of neem oil content in NOCU is important due to its significance in ensuring agronomic efficiency. Therefore, this study was taken up to develop a simple method for the determination of neem oil in NOCU. The procedure involves extraction of neem oil from NOCU; saponification of extracted oil; oxidation of released glycerol to formaldehyde, and subsequent conversion of formaldehyde to a dihydrolutidine derivative. Its concentration was determined spectrophotometrically. The recoveries of neem oil from NOCU with oil load of 500 and 1000?ppm were 87.6?±?3.0% and 90.0?±?4.8% respectively with direct method; and improved to 92.6?±?4.0% and 96.7?±?3.8% after including the in situ purification. A simple method based on the Hantzsch reaction was developed for the determination of neem oil in NOCU. This method is superior to earlier methods in terms of sensitivity, simplicity, and time required.     

Detection and quantitation of trace levels of low molecular weight halocarbons (LMHs) associated with commercial sodium humate

Examination of vapor above commercial sodium humate and above 10wt% aqueous humate solution by gas chromatography (GC) revealed the presence of chloroform and trichloroethylene. Further examination of the aqueous humate by the purge and trap procedure confirmed the association of chloroform and trichloroethylene with the humate. GC/mass spectrometry analyses of methylene chloride extract of the humate established the association of LMHs with the humate. Improved headspace capillary GC technique showed that the humate contained not only chloroform, trichloroethylene but several other LMHs in the range 190 to 4000ng·kg^‐1.     

番龙眼木的热分解失重及动力学研究

木材热解是木材类火灾事件的先导过程,是引起后续的阴燃、着火、燃烧和火焰蔓延等各种现象的重要因素,因此研究木材的热解非常重要。采用热重分析法对番龙眼木的热重特性及反应动力学进行研究。在空气气氛下,研究样品粒径、试验气氛和升温速率对番龙眼木热解特性的影响。对番龙眼木的热解反应过程的分析,采用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa积分法、Kissinger最大速率法和atava-esták积分法对动力学进行处理。试验得到了一些热解动力学的参数,并推断出不同温升速率下番龙眼木的动力学最概然机理方程为反应级数函数,n=4     

基于FTA的尿素热解脱硝系统可靠性分析

为提高尿素热解脱硝系统可靠性水平,通过分析系统组成和各种可能的失效情况,以尿素热解脱硝系统不能正常工作为顶事件建立了故障树,对其进行定性分析,求取了故障树的最小割集。同时在此基础上分析了各个基本事件的结构重要度,明确了导致尿素热解脱硝系统失效的主要影响因素,并对其相应的解决措施进行了探讨。     

土壤中短链氯化石蜡的气相色谱-电子捕获负化学电离-质谱分析方法

通过考察层析柱对测定短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)干扰物去除效果的影响,结合实际土壤样品的净化需求,建立了一套适合分析土壤中SCCPs的前处理方法.土壤样品使用索氏抽提,采用硅胶复合柱和弗罗里硅土柱净化,运用气相色谱-质谱(ECNI源)检测SCCPs.SCCPs的仪器定量限为100—600 pg.μL-1.空白加标和基质加标中SCCPs的回收率分别为130%±8.50%和108%±17.8%(SD,n=3).利用该方法分析了采自广州市郊区的6个土壤样品,其SCCPs的含量范围为12.9—34.5 ng.g-1,平均值为26.1 ng.g-1.