土壤样品中四溴双酚A和六溴环十二烷的测定

建立了LC-MS/MS法同时测定土壤样品中四溴双酚A(Tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)和六溴环十二烷(Hexabromocyclododecanes,HBCDs)的分析方法.样品经索氏抽提后,采用去活化硅胶柱进行净化.TBBPA、α-HBCD、β-HBCD和γ-HBCD的方法检出限分别为0.0315 ng.g-1、0.767 ng.g-1、0.197 ng.g-1和0.163 ng.g-1,方法加标回收率为59.0%—69.4%,可用于土壤样品中痕量TBBPA和HBCDs的测定.经过严格的质量控制,采用本方法对某郊区土壤样品进行了测定,其TBBPA和HBCDs的含量均在pg.g-1量级.     

气相色谱-质谱联用测定长江三角洲农田土壤中的合成麝香

采用索氏提取、硅胶/氧化铝复合层析柱的样品前处理方法及气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定长江三角洲农田土壤样品中7种合成麝香(莎利麝香、粉檀麝香、特拉斯、佳乐麝香、吐纳麝香、二甲苯麝香、酮麝香)的含量,对其污染水平和分布状况进行了研究.结果表明,实际检出的3种合成麝香(佳乐麝香、吐纳麝香、酮麝香)含量分别0.96—16.98 ng·g-1、LOD—14.13 ng·g-1和LOD—0.84 ng·g-1;土壤样品中合成麝香的加标回收率为88.8%—109.3%,精密度为5.8%—9.6%;仪器检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为0.03—0.33 ng·g-1、0.10—1.10 ng·g-1.长江三角洲农田土壤样品中普遍含有合成麝香,虽然其总浓度较低,但因其具有的生物富集性会在农产品中富集,故应做好相关的食品安全风险评价.     

同位素稀释气相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中20种多溴联苯

本文建立了土壤和沉积物中20种多溴联苯的同位素稀释气相色谱-高分辨质谱分析方法.样品经索氏提取、多层硅胶柱净化,采用气相色谱-高分辨质谱分析,各组分在10—1000 ng·m L~(-1)范围内线性良好,平均相对响应因子(RRF)的偏差在2.9%—15.1%之间.方法检出限在2.57—135 ng·kg~(-1)之间,批间偏差为1.0%—15.1%.低、中、高的3个加标水平实际样品平均回收率为64.8%±5.5%—156%±7.1%.该方法可用于土壤和沉积物中痕量多溴联苯的检测.     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤、植物样品中13种多溴联苯醚

采用气相色谱(GC-ECD)法,建立了土壤和植物样品中13种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的分析方法,以正己烷∶二氯甲烷(1∶1)作为萃取溶剂,样品经加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)萃取、固相萃取净化后,使用气相色谱仪分析样品中的13种PBDEs.结果表明,所选取的13种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)得到了较好的分离,且该方法中BDE-209在土壤和植物样品中的平均添加回收率分别为68.1%—75.1%和65.1%—72.1%,其余12种BDE的回收率分别为70.3%—106.9%、67.7%—93.4%;BDE-209方法检出限分别为0.26 ng.g-1、0.64 ng.g-1,其余12种BDE的方法检出限分别为0.016—0.043 ng.g-1、0.028—0.096 ng.g-1.本实验方法测定多组分PBDEs的灵敏度和准确度较高、稳定性和回收率良好,可满足于环境样品中PBDEs的分析.     

短链氯化石蜡在台州电子拆解地区的分布特征

以峰江为中心,采集了台州电子垃圾拆解区域的26个表层土壤样品,调查台州地区短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)的污染状况、空间分布和单体构成情况.结果表明,SCCPs在所有土壤样品中均有检出,其浓度水平介于47.95—1298 ng·g-1干重,平均值为276.7 ng·g-1干重.C10和Cl6—7为土壤中SCCPs最主要的碳原子和氯原子同族体.空间分布表明短链氯化石蜡的浓度水平总体呈现随距采样点中心峰江距离增加而减少的趋势,说明电子垃圾拆解活动可能是SCCPs的一个潜在释放源.     

气相色谱-质谱联用测定母乳中合成麝香

建立了凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)柱和硅胶柱净化,气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)测定母乳中合成麝香的分析方法.实验结果表明:GC/MS在0.01μg.ml-1到1μg.ml-1的浓度范围内对4种常见合成麝香(佳乐麝香HHCB、吐纳麝香AHTN、二甲苯麝香MX和酮麝香MK)均有良好的线性响应,4种合成麝香的基质加标回收率为76%—115%,相对标准偏差为2.8%—7.4%.利用信噪比(5/1)确定该方法的定性检测限,HHCB,AHTN,MX为5ng.g-1脂重,MK为4ng.g-1脂重,定量检测限为定性检测限的2倍.采用上述方法分析了上海母乳样品中合成麝香的浓度和分布特征,发现母乳中普遍存在这4种合成麝香,浓度分别为HHCB92±70;AHTN16±12;MX26±22;MK16±14ng.g-1脂重,与欧美国家的污染水平相比,总体含量偏低.     

超声提取辅助浸入式固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱技术快速检测土壤中的有机氯农药残留

建立了超声提取辅助浸入式固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱(DI-SPME-GC/MS)方法快速检测土壤中有机氯农残的新方法.该方法可实现分离、富集和进样一体化,减少样品前处理步骤.实验优化了DI-SPME的萃取条件、超声提取条件及GC/MS仪器参数.在优化条件下,9种OCPs在实验浓度范围(20—500 ng·g-1)内,线性关系良好,R2为0.9899—0.9987,方法检出限在0.67—1.76 ng·g-1,加标回收率在80.2%—117.1%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为10.0%—12.0%.结果表明该方法是一种简便快速、绿色环保的分析土壤中OCPs农残的方法.     

土壤中痕量氯代苯胺的MAE-SPME-GC/QQQ测定

建立了微波辅助萃取-固相微萃取-气相色谱/三重四极质谱法(MAE-SPME-GC/QQQ)同时测定土壤中多种氯代苯胺的方法.优化了多反应监测(MRM)的仪器条件,研究了微波萃取温度、保持时间、溶剂体积对萃取效果的影响,确定最佳实验条件为4 g土壤样品加入30 m L水,在100℃下微波萃取5 min.各目标物的线性范围为0.005—20μg·L-1,方法检出限为0.003—0.4 ng·g-1.测定0.5 ng·g-1和5 ng·g-1加标土壤样品,回收率为38.6%—116.4%和24.8%—82.0%,相对标准偏差为3.2%—27.7%和12.5%—22.7%(n=7).方法综合了MAE快速高效、SPME富集浓缩以及GC/QQQ抗干扰强的优势,适合于非高有机质含量土壤中氯代苯胺类残留的快速痕量分析.     

液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法联用(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定乳制品的无机砷及其它砷形态

采用液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术测定了乳制品中的无机砷及其它砷形态,各种砷形态的方法检出限(以砷计)分别为:三价砷As(Ⅲ)2.0ng·g-1,五价砷As(Ⅴ)3.0ng·g-1,一甲基胂MMA2.0 ng·g-1,二甲基胂DMA 1.0 ng·g-1,甜菜碱As B 1.0 ng·g-1,根据加标回收的方法评价了该方法的准确性,无机砷的加标回收率为89.9%-98.1%,相对标准偏差为1.09%-3.21%(n=6),根据所建立的方法,分析了市售的部分鲜奶、酸奶和奶粉样品,其中无机砷的含量均未超出国家标准限量.     

全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛烷羧酸异构体的高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用分析方法

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-HPLC/MS/MS)联用测定全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)异构体的分析方法.以WAX固相萃取小柱为浓缩柱对样品中目标化合物进行富集浓缩,再用HPLC-MS/MS分离检测各异构体,串联质谱采用负离子扫描和多反应监测模式对样品进行分析检测.色谱分离采用梯度洗脱方式,流动相A相为甲醇,B相为60 mmol·L-1氨水/20 mmol·L-1甲酸水溶液(p H=4);选用AscentisExpress F5型色谱柱为分离柱.将建立的方法应用于河水、底泥和贝类中全氟化合物异构体的分析,对3种环境样品的方法检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.05—1.1 ng·L-1、0.025—0.56 ng·g-1和0.025—0.56 ng·g-1.以加标回收实验对建立的分析方法进行评价,自来水、底泥和贝类中11种PFOS和PFOA异构体的加标回收率平均值分别在90.8%—127%、74.0%—124%和76.7%—113%,相对标准偏差(n=5)分别为5.9%—17.2%、2.5%—17.0%和3.30%—11.5%.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.