新疆罗布泊外围地区极端环境嗜碱放线菌生物学特性及活性物质筛选

2006～2007年从新疆罗布泊外嗣地区的泥土样品中分离了117株放线菌,初步筛选后对其中47株嗜碱放线菌进行了形态学鉴定,不同生长条件(pH值,盐NaCl、KCl、MgCl_2,碱性物质Na_2 CO_3、K_2CO_3、Mg_2CO_3、NaOH、KOH,温度)对菌株生长的影响,拮抗性、产酶活性检测及菌株LA4的分子进化鉴定等研究.结果发现,47株放线菌的15%属于诺卡氏菌属,70%属于链霉菌属,10%属于游动放线菌属,其中嗜碱链霉菌属占优势.在pH 7～11范围内,47株嗜碱放线菌均能生长.生长率为92%～95%.NaCl、KCl、MgCl,对嗜碱放线菌均具有抑制作用,NaCl、KCl的抑制作用高于MgCl_2,NaCl、KCl浓度超过10%时而MgCl_2 浓度超过15%时嗜碱放线菌完全停止生长.47株嗜碱放线菌对Na_2CO_3、K_2CO_3、MgCO_3、KOH、NaOH等碱性物质没有选择性,生长良好.47株嗜碱放线菌的最适生长温度为28～30℃.超过55℃后均不能生长.从47株嗜碱放线菌中筛选出了30株具有抗菌活性的菌株,其中对大肠杆菌有抑制作用的有11株,占36.7%,对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑制作用的有20株,占66.7%,对枯草杆菌有抑制作用的有16株,占53.3%;其中4株嗜碱放线菌LA4、LA24、LA33和LA19对3种指示菌均表现出抑制作用.在47株嗜碱放线菌中,74%具有淀粉酶活性,81%具有纤维素酶活性,43%具有蛋白酶活性,49%具有脂肪酶活性.通过分子鉴定,发现LA4为链霉菌中尚未报道的一个新亚种,其16S序列GenBank登录号为FJ182229.本研究结果表明新疆罗布泊外围地区存在大量的产纤维素酶、淀粉酶的嗜碱放线菌,并且潜藏着新的放线菌资源,为该地区嗜碱放线菌的种质资源开发和新药筛选有效菌源提供了参考.图5表4参20     

Factors affecting the floristic diversity and nestedness in the islets of Lake Bardawil, North Sinai, Egypt: implications for conservation

Island biogeography theory and nestedness are two relevant and important concepts in biogeography and conservation. However, their integration and application has not been examined for maintaining or maximizing species diversity, especially in arid regions. The aim of this study is to investigate the ecological mechanisms related to the observed pattern of floristic diversity and nestedness in the Lake Bardawil islets on the Mediterranean coast of Sinai Peninsula before the execution of the North Sinai Agricultural Development Project (NSADP) that will threaten the ecosystem of the lake. Plant species on 15 islets were identified and categorized into ecological groups related to their life-form, salt tolerance and succulence. Richness of total plant species and their ecological groups were positively correlated with islet area, number of habitats and elevation, and negatively with disturbance index. The temperature calculator detected highly significant nestedness for the entire flora and all ecological groups. Distance from the mainland had no effect on either species richness or nested pattern of total plant species and their ecological groups. Both the analyses of species richness and nested distribution yielded evidence for a positive species-area relationship. Although nestedness was detected for the entire plant species and their ecological groups, many species and islets exhibited idiosyncratic distribution. Idiosyncrasies could be mainly attributed to demographic stochasticity which is an important character for species interaction and diversity maintenance in arid regions. Therefore, in developing conservation strategies for the Lake Bardawil islets, it is important to incorporate spatial and temporal stability of populations.     

Influence of Ambient pH on Freshwater Invertebrates under Experimental Conditions

In experimental mesocosms differing in water pH, the communities of macroinvertebrates demonstrated marked differences in their species composition and the quantitative ratios between the main groups of members (oligochaetes, chironomids, mollusks, etc.). The highest species diversity was recorded at pH 4.09–8.65. It proved to decrease at pH below 4 and above 9. In experiments on determining tolerance to water pH, seven groups of invertebrates differing in their adaptive potential were distinguished among 40 species found en masse in the freshwater zoobenthos and zooperiphyton of the Upper Volga basin.     

云南粳稻核心种质杂种后代孕穗期耐冷性研究

以236份云南地方粳稻核心种质和云南主栽梗稻Oryza satica品种合系35配制的杂种F5、BC1F4、BC2F3和BC3F2为材料,在昆明自然低温平均17.8℃(冷害)条件下,对亲本及其后代进行孕穗期耐冷性研究.结果表明:①亲本耐冷性状间的相关性明显高于其杂种后代,不同世代间总体趋势为随着回交世代增加其性状间相关性减弱.在亲本及其杂种后代间耐冷指标性状穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、每穗秕粒数与结实率均呈较高的(≥0.370)极显著(n=236,R0.01=0.181)相关.②株高、穗颈长、穗下节长等耐冷性状在亲本强弱耐冷系统群间的差异明显,表现为亲本耐冷性强的材料秆和穗较长、穗粒数较多,同一性状变异程度减小.但随着回交代数的增加,这些性状的平均值逐渐趋同于轮回亲本,差异减小.③穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、每穗秕粒数与结实率在5个稻作区间的变化规律呈现一致性,亲本和F5的差异较大,而BC2F4、BC2F3和BC3F2的差异较小,且趋同于轮回亲本.通过连续回交,在BC3F1即可获得耐冷性状表现良好的材料.     

植物耐受和解除重金属毒性研究进展

总结了植物细胞及分子水平对重金属耐性和解除其毒性的途径.植物通过避免增加细胞内敏感位点毒物浓度来解除重金属毒性.其途径主要有:一方面通过菌根化、细胞壁吸收及根系分泌物的螯合作用减少根系吸收重金属进入细胞质;另一方面通过体内调节机制解除重金属毒性和提高耐性,主要通过一系列膜蛋白对进入细胞质内的重金属排出细胞质外、隔离于液泡中,或将重金属转变为无毒性形态挥发入大气,或通过细胞质内的植物螯合素、金属硫蛋白、有机酸、氨基酸、多胺等对重金属螯合,解除重金属毒性;同时植物还可以在重金属胁迫下产生热休克蛋白修复胁迫伤害的蛋白质.本文提供了涉及植物重金属解毒和耐性广泛的观点和证据.     

九孔鲍肠道及其养殖水体中异养细菌抗药性研究

为了解鲍鱼养殖环境中异养细菌的抗药性,对自广东汕尾粤顺鲍鱼养殖场九孔鲍养殖环境及其肠道中的异养细菌进行了分离鉴定,并对所分离鉴定的菌株进行了四环素等16种抗生素的抗药性试验、结果表明,鲍鱼养殖水体的异养细菌主要由鞘氨醇单胞Sphingomonas paucimobilis、巴斯德氏菌属Pasteurella sp、莫拉氏菌属Moraxella sp、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas sp、弧菌属Vibrio minicus等9种组成;鲍鱼消化道异养细菌类群菌株则由鞘氨醇单胞菌属Sphingomonas sp、气单胞菌属Aeromonas sp、黄杆菌属Flavobdcterium sp等7种组成。抗药性试验揭示,大多数异养菌菌株对四环素、青霉素G、卡那霉素、丁胺卡那霉素和新生霉素均产生了抗药性,而对氟哌酸、红霉素、氯霉素以及环丙沙星等的抗药性则相对较弱。     

The Role of Fungal Symbioses in the Adaptation of Plants to High Stress Environments

All plants studied in natural ecosystemsare symbiotic with fungi that either resideentirely (endophytes) or partially(mycorrhizae) within plants. Thesesymbioses appear to adapt to biotic andabiotic stresses and may be responsible forthe survival of both plant hosts and fungalsymbionts in high stress habitats. Here wedescribe the role of symbiotic fungi inplant stress tolerance and present astrategy based on adaptive symbiosis topotentially mitigate the impacts of globalchange on plant communities.     

Significant tipping points of sediment microeukaryotes forewarn increasing antibiotic pollution

Antibiotic pollution imposes urgent threats to public health and microbial-mediated ecological processes. Existing studies have primarily focused on bacterial responses to antibiotic pollution, but they ignored the microeukaryotic counterpart, though microeukaryotes are functionally important (e.g., predators and saprophytes) in microbial ecology. Herein, we explored how the assembly of sediment microeukaryotes was affected by increasing antibiotic pollution at the inlet (control) and across the outlet sites along a shrimp wastewater discharge channel. The structures of sediment microeukaryotic community were substantially altered by the increasing nutrient and antibiotic pollutions, which were primarily controlled by the direct effects of phosphate and ammonium (−0.645 and 0.507, respectively). In addition, tetracyclines exerted a large effect (0.209), including direct effect (0.326) and indirect effect (−0.117), on the microeukaryotic assembly. On the contrary, the fungal subcommunity was relatively resistant to antibiotic pollution. Segmented analysis depicted nonlinear responses of microeukaryotic genera to the antibiotic pollution gradient, as supported by the significant tipping points. We screened 30 antibiotic concentration-discriminatory taxa of microeukaryotes, which can quantitatively and accurately predict (98.7% accuracy) the in-situ antibiotic concentration. Sediment microeukaryotic (except fungal) community is sensitive to antibiotic pollution, and the identified bioindicators could be used for antibiotic pollution diagnosis.     

不同抗生素种类及浓度对麻疯树培养的影响

以麻疯树(jatropha ctrcas)的子叶、真叶、根及其对应的愈伤组织作为实验材料,研究各种抗生素对其生长的影响;在MS培养基中添加不同浓度和不同种类的抗生素,比较其对麻疯树不同外植体及对应愈伤组织生长的影响.方差分析和总体观察的结果表明,用于筛选转化植株的最佳抗生素是卡那霉素,其最佳抗性筛选浓度范围为10～25mg/L.表9参10