荸荠对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑制作用研究

采取植物种植水培养、植物浸提液培养及植物共培养3种培养方式研究了荸荠对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响.结果发现:荸荠植株种植水、荸荠浸提液以及荸荠与铜绿微囊藻共培养均对铜绿微囊藻的生长产生了化感抑制作用.100%浓度的荸荠浸提液对铜绿微囊藻生长抑制率达到91.40%,而荸荠与铜绿微囊藻共培养时对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率为86.83%.这两者之间的差异并不显著,直接验证了荸荠能够通过不断地向水体中释放化感物质来长久、有效地抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长.     

生物法合成纳米铁的研究进展

纳米铁颗粒的制备技术发展迅速,方法多种多样。生物法因其具有原料来源广,反应条件温和,产物纳米级颗粒不易团聚,以及有毒副产物少等特点,成为学者们争相研究的对象。对近几年国内外采用微生物、植物提取物等合成纳米铁材料的方法及机理进行了阐述,综述了纳米铁在环保领域的应用,并对今后深入研究生物法合成纳米铁的前景进行了展望。     

Lead(II) and cadmium(II) removal from aqueous solution using processed walnut shell: kinetic and equilibrium study

The biosorption potential of processed walnut shell for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions was explored. The effects of pH, contact time, initial ion concentration, and amount of dried adsorbent were studied in batch experiments. The maximum adsorption was achieved within the pH range 4.0–6.0. The equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities were found to be 32?g?kg^?1 and 11.6?g?kg^?1 for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions, respectively. Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The structural features of the adsorbent were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed the involvement of hydroxyl (–OH), carboxyl (–COO^–), and carbonyl (C=O) groups in metal sorption. This readily available adsorbent is efficient in the uptake of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from an aqueous solution and could be used for the treatment of wastewater streams bearing these metal ions.     

Comparative efficacy of certain plant extracts alone and combination with profenofos against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Ethyl alcohol, acetone, and petroleum ether extracts of three plant species belonging to three different botanical families [Strychnos nux-vomica (Loganiaceae), Euphorbia lathyrus (Euphorbiaceae), and Datura stramonlum (Solanaceae)], a chemical insecticide; profenofos and their combinations were tested against second and fourth instars of Spodoptera littoralis under lab conditions. Results revealed that the ethanol extract of S. nux-vomica was the most effective among all plant extracts, where the corrected mortality% were 92, 81, 58, and 27% to 2nd instar and 89, 74, 34, and 11% to 4th instar at concentrations 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0.0625%, respectively. Calculated LC₅₀'s were 0.11, 0.22, and 0.34% to 2nd instar and 0.17, 0.37, and 0.52% to 4th instar for ethanol, petroleum ether, and acetone extracts, respectively. Acetone extracts of all plants were of lower effect. The chemical insecticide profenofos displayed higher efficacy than plant extracts (LC₅₀ = 0.002 and 0.003% for S. littoralis 2nd and 4th larval instars, respectively). The co-toxicity factor reached 76 and 60 when mixing S. nux-vomica + profenofos and D. stramonlum + profenofos at ratio 1:1 against S. littoralis 2nd instar larvae, thus indicating a potentiating effect. While treatment of the 4th instar larvae by the same mixtures resulted in a co-toxicity factor below 20 at all mixing ratios indicating, only, an additive effect against this instar.     

桉树叶水浸出液对2种海洋微藻生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

运用水样叶绿素荧光仪(Water-PAM)研究了桉树叶水浸出液胁迫下湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)和纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)2种海洋微藻叶绿素荧光特性〔包括PS(光系统)Ⅱ的F_v/F₀(潜在活性)、F_v/F_m(最大光能转化效率)、Yield(实际光能转化效率)、ETR(电子传递效率),其中F_m和F₀分别为最大荧光和基础荧光〕的变化,同时监测微藻的生长情况,以研究桉树叶水浸出液对海洋微藻的影响,从而为探讨华南沿海大量种植桉树所造成潜在的海洋生态问题提供一些依据. 结果表明:①低浓度(以φ计,0.4、0.8、1.2mL/L)胁迫在96h内对湛江叉鞭金藻的上述4项荧光参数均无显著影响(P>0.05);高浓度(2.0mL/L)胁迫下,24h时湛江叉鞭金藻的4项荧光参数都处于最低值,48h时处于次低值. 表明高浓度在胁迫早期(48h内)对湛江叉鞭金藻4项荧光参数有抑制作用,而后期(72、96h)这4项荧光参数又恢复到正常水平,抑制作用解除. ②低浓度(0.4、0.8mL/L)胁迫下纤细角毛藻的4项荧光参数在24、48h内均得到促进,而高浓度(2.0mL/L)胁迫下F_v/F_m在24h时为最小值,表现抑制作用;另外3项荧光参数则未受显著影响. 在胁迫后期(72、96h),纤细角毛藻的4项荧光参数均随着胁迫浓度的增大而增加,表现为促进作用. ③就生长情况而言,随着胁迫浓度的增大,2种海洋微藻细胞密度的增长明显变缓. 表明桉树叶水浸出液对2种海洋微藻的生长以及叶绿素荧光特性都有影响,从而将会对整个海洋生态系统产生影响.      

Removal of humic substances by biosorption

Fungal pellets of Aspergillus niger 405,Aspergillus ustus 326,and Stachybotrys sp.1103 were used for the removal of humic substances from aqueous solutions.Batchwise biosorption,carried out at pH 6 and 25°C,was monitored spectrophotometrically and the process described with Freundlich’s model.Calculated sorption coeffcients Kf and n showed that A.niger exhibited the highest effciency.A good match between the model and experimental data and a high correlation coeffcient(R2)pointed out to judicious choice of ...     

两种生物炭的制备及其对水溶液中四环素去除的影响因素

以中药材三桠苦药渣和玉米秸秆为原料,分别在400、600和800℃下热解制备生物炭,并研究其对水溶液中四环素的去除及其影响因素.利用元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、比表面积分析(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法对制备的生物炭进行表征;并探究热解温度、生物炭添加量、初始溶液浓度、吸附时间、溶液pH、离子强度、环境温度等因素对生物炭去除水溶液中四环素的影响;通过吸附动力学和等温吸附平衡探究两种原料制备的生物炭对溶液中四环素的吸附行为.结果表明,生物炭对四环素的吸附性能随制备温度的升高而增加,800℃制备的三桠苦药渣生物炭(EIBC800)具有最佳吸附性能.生物炭添加量、溶液pH、离子强度、吸附时间对800℃制备的三桠苦药渣生物炭(EIBC800)和玉米秸秆生物炭(CSBC800)吸附水溶液中四环素影响较大,吸附时环境温度对吸附的影响大小依赖于抗生素质量浓度.EIBC800和CSBC800对四环素的吸附行为均符合准二级动力学方程(R~2分别为0. 954 0和0. 835 5),等温吸附符合Freundlich方程(R~2分别在0. 899 1～0. 957 9和0. 973 6～0. 994 6之间),主要吸附过程为化学吸附,且吸附过程均是自发吸热的过程.通过以两种原料所制备的生物炭吸附性能对比,EIBC800吸附抗生素的能力比CSBC800更强,说明中药渣在制备生物炭去除水环境中的抗生素具有较好的应用前景.     

Semi-closed synthesis of nitrogen and oxygen Co-doped mesoporous carbon for selective aqueous oxidation

Heteroatom-doped meso/micro-porous carbon materials are conventionally produced by harsh carbonization under an inert atmosphere involving specific precursors, hard/soft templates, and heteroatom-containing agents. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of N and O co-doped meso/micro-porous carbon (NOMC) by template-free carbonization of a small-molecule precursor in a semi-closed system. The semi-closed carbonizaiton process yields hydrophilic NOMCs with large surface area in a high yield. The porous structure as well as the elemental composition of NOMCs can be modulated by changing the holding time at a particular temperature. NOMCs as metal-free heterogeneous catalysts can selectively oxidize benzyl alcohol and its derivatives into aldehydes/ketones with>85％conversion in aqueous solution, which is much higher than that of the control sample obtained in tube furnace (21％conversion), mainly due to their high N content, high percentage of pyridinic N, and large surface area. The presence of O-containing moieties also helps to improve the hydrophilicity and dispersion ability of catalysts and thus facilitates the mass transfer process during aqueous oxidation. The NOMC catalysts also dispayed excellent activity for a wide range of substrates with a selectivity of>99％.     

超大城市SO2排放对硫酸盐区域分布影响的观测与模拟

2002年8月14—24日在临安采集气溶胶样品,对气溶胶质往往w量和离子成分的尺度分布进行分析.结果表明:SO₄2-主要集中在粒径<2.1 μm的细粒子中,约占所有尺度段上SO42-质量总和的94%;细粒子(PM_2.1)中,ρ(SO₄2-)和ρ(NH₄+)最高,二者之和占所分析离子质量浓度总和的89%. 利用公共多尺度空气质量模式(CMAQ)的过程分析对影响硫酸盐气溶胶分布特征的主要因子进行定量评估,结果表明:经过云内液相氧化和湿清除形成硫酸盐气溶胶的速率为0.19 μg/(m3·h),其对硫酸盐气溶胶的贡献最大;SO₂液相氧化反应中速率最大的是H₂O₂〔5.26 μg/(m3·h)〕,其次是O₂〔4.14 μg/(m3·h)〕和O₃〔1.56 μg/(m3·h)〕. 模拟分析证明,采样期间研究区域SO₄2-主要是由上海及其以南的浙江沿海一带通过SO₂云内与H₂O₂和O₂的液相氧化反应生成. 通过模式敏感性试验发现,在个例的风场配置下,上海排放的SO₂对临安地区的SO₂和硫酸盐的贡献率分别达15%和22%.      

The effect of light on the Mn(II) or Fet(lll)-catalyzed oxidation of aqueous S(IV)

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