白腐菌对芳香族化合物的降解途径

白腐菌 (Whiterotfungi)是目前所发现的对芳香族化合物有很强降解能力的一类微生物。本文探讨了降解芳香族化合物的白腐菌种及其代谢化合物的主要类型 ,分析了对不同化合物的不同代谢途径 ,同时展望了其应用前景     

The Influence of Mycorrhiza on Uranium and Phosphorus Uptake by Barley Plants from a Field-contaminated Soil (7 pp)

Background Recent studies indicated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important roles in plant accumulation of uranium (U) from contaminated environments, but the impacts of fertilization practices on functioning of the symbiotic associations, which are crucial factors influencing plant nutrition and growth responses to mycorrhiza, have rarely been considered. Materials and Methods In a greenhouse experiment, a bald root barley mutant (brb) together with the wild type (wt) were used to test the role of root hairs and AMF in uranium (U) uptake by host plants from a U contaminated soil. Nil, 20 and 60 mg KH2PO4-P kg–1 soil were included to investigate the influences of phosphorus (P) fertilization on plant growth and accumulation of U. Results Dry matter yield of barley plants increased with increasing P additions and wt produced significantly higher dry weight than brb. Mycorrhiza markedly improved dry matter yield of both genotypes grown at nil P, whereas only brb responded positively to mycorrhiza at 20 mg P kg-1. At the highest P level, mycorrhiza resulted in growth depressions in both genotypes, except for the roots of wt. In general, plant P concentrations increased markedly with increasing P additions and in response to mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza and P additions had no significant effects on shoot U concentrations. However, root U concentrations in both genotypes were significantly increased by mycorrhiza. On the other hand, shoot U contents increased with increasing P levels, while 20 mg P kg-1 stimulated, but 60 mg P kg-1 marginally affected the U accumulation in roots. Root length specific U uptake was moderately enhanced both by root hairs and strongly enhanced by mycorrhiza. Moreover, non-inoculated plants generally had higher shoot-root ratios of U content than the corresponding inoculated controls. Conclusion Our study shows that AMF and root hairs improves not only P acquisition but also the root uptake of U, and mycorrhiza generally decreases U translocation from plant root to shoot. Hence, mycorrhiza is of potential use in the phytostabilization of U contaminated environments. Perspectives The complex impacts of P on U accumulation by barley plants suggested that U behavior in mycorrhizosphere and translocation along the soil-fungi-plant continuum as affected by fertilization practices deserve extensive studies for optimizing the function of mycorrhizal associations for phytoremediation purposes.     

丛枝菌根根际细菌群落对阿特拉津胁迫的响应

为了探求丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)根际细菌群落对阿特拉津胁迫的响应,本试验以摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)为供试AM真菌菌株,以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为宿主植物,利用盆栽法建立AM共生体后,再施加10 mg·kg-1阿特拉津进行胁迫.当阿特拉津去除率达到50%时,分别采集未接种+未施药(NM.NA)、接种+未施药(AM.NA)、未接种+施药(NM.AT)和接种+施药(AM.AT)4种处理的根际土壤,通过16S rRNA V4高通量测序技术解析了根际土壤细菌群落特征,以及其与接种F.mosseae、施加阿特拉津之间的相关性.结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为4种处理根际土壤中的三大优势菌群.单独接种F.mosseae或施加阿特拉津均未对根际细菌群落α-多样性产生显著影响,但先接种F.mosseae形成AM后,施加阿特拉津可引起细菌群落Shannon指数显著增加.此外,接种F.mosseae提高了根际土壤中具有阿特拉津降解潜力菌属Arthrobacter、Mycobacterium、Frankia和Stenotrophomonas的相对丰度,其中,Arthrobacter受F.mosseae、阿特拉津及其二者交互作用的显著性影响.本研究结果在一定程度上揭示了AM间接提高土壤中具有阿特拉津降解潜力菌属的相对丰度,也可为利用AM真菌修复阿特拉津污染土壤奠定一定的理论基础.     

多氯联苯污染土壤菌根真菌-紫花苜蓿-根瘤菌联合修复效应

选用紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）作为宿主植物,盆栽试验研究了丛枝菌根真菌（Glomus caledonium）和苜蓿根瘤菌(Rhizobium meliloti)单接种及双接种对PCBs复合污染土壤的联合修复效应.结果表明,在紫花苜蓿-菌根真菌-根瘤菌共生体系中,紫花苜蓿对土壤中PCBs的降低起到明显作用,使轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了15.8%、 23.5%,紫花苜蓿单接种菌根真菌和苜蓿根瘤菌后轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了14.8％、 24.1%和20.6%、 25.5%,双接种后土壤PCBs分别降低了23.2％、26.9%,而且也改变了紫花苜蓿根际土壤微生物群落的碳源利用程度,改善了微生物群落功能多样性.可见,紫花苜蓿豆科植物-菌根真菌-根瘤菌特殊共生体对PCBs污染土壤显示了较好的修复潜力.     

施用沼渣和接种丛枝菌根真菌对甘草生长及矿质营养的影响

沼渣是厌氧发酵的残余物,可作为肥料施用,但因其含有一定量的重金属等有害物质可能导致环境污染风险.丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌作为植物共生真菌,可以促进植物对矿质养分的吸收,同时能够通过不同途径减轻重金属对植物的毒害.本文采用甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)为供试植物开展盆栽试验,考察施用沼渣结合接种AM真菌对甘草生长和矿质营养的影响.试验结果表明,施用沼渣显著促进了植物生长,提高了植物生物量、磷含量和叶片叶绿素含量,与此同时提高了土壤有机质和磷、铬、铜、铅含量,并导致植物重金属含量显著升高.另一方面,AM真菌能够和甘草根系形成良好共生关系,但施用沼渣对菌根侵染表现出显著抑制作用.接种AM真菌促进了甘草生长、提高了根系磷含量及叶片叶绿素含量,同时显著降低了植株重金属含量至安全阈值以内.本试验表明,施用沼渣同时接种AM真菌可在促进甘草生长的同时阻控重金属污染风险,因而可作为沼渣安全利用的一种可行技术途径.     

食管癌高发区粮食防霉实验

磁县是我国食管癌高发区,当地居民饮食中霉菌及其毒素污染严重。为了从病因水平上预防肿瘤发生,进一步探讨了磁县食管癌高发区居民饮食防霉措施。本实验研究了防腐剂富马酸二甲酯（DMF）对磁县农户正在食用的储粮的抑霉防霉及抑菌作用。结果发现DMF可明显抑制粮食中霉菌的生长。小麦洗液培养56小时后DMF处理组霉菌菌落数平均为2.3个,而对照组可达123.7个,抑制率为95.15％。在含有DMF的培养基上霉菌不能生长。此外DMF还有明显抑菌作用,加DMF后48h即可抑制细菌生长,施药处出现明显的抑菌环。因此,应在食管癌高发区对农村储粮推广使用DMF防霉措施,以期通过降低霉菌及其毒素的污染,阻断食管癌的霉菌病因,进一步降低食管癌发病率。     

菌根真菌在墨兰和建兰根中的感染特征及生理特性

从产于粤北山区的野生建兰报中分离出4株内生真菌,并对这些真菌在兰根上的感染特征及生理学特性进行了研究。结果表明,菌根真菌多数浸染植株根段离很尖3～18cm的根毛区,而根尖和新长出的根则很少被感染;几乎所有的老根都受过真菌的感染。真菌菌丝从兰报表皮侵入,通过表皮层进入皮层薄壁细胞内部形成菌丝团,而在表皮层并不进入细胞内,也不形成菌丝团。真菌感染极状整后第9天,皮层细胞内的菌丝团开始消解。所分离的菌株能利用大部分简单的有机碳源和氮源,能在营养成分不明确的天然介质中生长良好,但对硝酸盐的利用较差。     

固定化微生物菌种的筛选与鉴定

以菲、芘作为降解对象 ,对多种菌株进行筛选 ,从中挑选出降解率最高的两株菌 ,细菌和真菌各一株 ,并对其生长曲线进行测定 ,为菌种的固定化提供了一定的依据。同时对菌种进一步鉴定 ,细菌为动胶杆菌 (Zoogloeasp .) ,在 72h内对菲、芘的降解率为 87 82 %和 4 9 2 2 % ;真菌为镰刀菌 (Fuariumsp .) ,在 2 16h内对菲、芘的降解率为 93 32 %和 96 2 9%。     

Effects of two different intercropping systems on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dissipation北大核心CSCD

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are typical organic contaminants in the environment. It is indicated that plants and soil microorganisms have a positive synergistic effect on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soil. To investigate the effect of intercropping on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and PCB remediation, a pot-cultivation experiment with two intercropping treatments, corn (Zea mays L.) / ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and corn/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and a corn monoculture was conducted in a greenhouse. All treatments were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae M47V. Plant biomass, root mycorrhizal colonization rate, concentration of PCBs and their homologs in soil, 16S rDNA gene abundance, and community composition measured by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) were determined after harvesting the plants. Intercropping significantly increased the root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn (P < 0.05), as well as the available N content of the soil. A significant difference of the bacterial community composition was found among different treatments (P < 0.05). Compared with corn monoculture, corn/alfalfa intercropping significantly increased soil bacteria abundance (P < 0.05). The dissipation rates of total PCBs, as well as that of penta-chloro biphenyls were significantly increased in the intercropping treatments, when compared to the corn monoculture treatment. Moreover, corn/ryegrass intercropping has a significantly positive effect on the dissipation of tri-chloro biphenyls. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis indicated that the PCBs homologues composition were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of 128 bp and 148 bp T-RFs. Corn intercropping with ryegrass or alfalfa has a positive effect on root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn. Inoculation of AM fungi in intercropping treatments significantly improved the efficiency of PCB remediation by promoting bacterial abundance and shifting the bacterial community composition. In conclusion, intercropping combined with AM fungi have positive synergistic effects on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soils. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

丛枝菌根真菌对羊草凋落物降解作用的研究

丛枝菌根真菌（Abuscular mycorrhizal fungi）能够影响植物生长及养分含量,从而影响凋落物的降解。采用根袋的方法研究了接种两种丛枝真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomus claroideum对羊草（Leymus chinensis）地上部及根系凋落物降解的影响。结果表明,随时间的延长,凋落物的重量逐渐减少,凋落物氮、磷含量均表现出先下降后逐渐升高的趋势。接种对地上部凋落物的养分含量及降解速度未产生显著性影响,但显著降低了根系氮磷含量及降解系数。接种Glomus mosseae和Glomus claroideum羊草根系氮、磷含量均显著低于CK;接种与未接种相比羊草根系k值显著降低;根系C：N未接种处理显著低于接种处理。说明丛枝菌根真菌可能间接影响草原生态系统中有机物质的分解和养分释放。