Is there really a green paradox?

In the absence of a CO₂ tax, the anticipation of a cheaper renewable backstop increases current emissions of CO₂. Since the date at which renewables are phased in is brought forward and more generally future emissions of CO₂ will decrease, the effect on global warming is unclear. Green welfare falls if the backstop is relatively expensive and full exhaustion of fossil fuels is optimal, but may increase if the backstop is sufficiently cheap relative to the cost of extracting the last drop of fossil fuels plus marginal global warming damages as then it is attractive to leave more fossil fuels unexploited and thus limit CO₂ emissions. We establish these results by analyzing depletion of non-renewable fossil fuels followed by a switch to a clean renewable backstop, paying attention to timing of the switch and the amount of fossil fuels remaining unexploited. We also discuss the potential for limit pricing when the non-renewable resource is owned by a monopolist. Finally, we show that if backstops are already used and more backstops become economically viable as the price of fossil fuels rises, a lower cost of the backstop will either postpone fossil fuel exhaustion or leave more fossil fuel in situ, thus boosting green welfare. However, if a market economy does not internalize global warming externalities and renewables have not kicked in yet, full exhaustion of fossil fuel will occur in finite time and a backstop subsidy always curbs green welfare.     

镇江市老城区生活污水水质特征及排放规律研究

镇江市老城区排水系统落后,主要以合流管网为主,区域内居民生活污水已成为镇江市水环境污染的重要来源之一,对该区域内居民生活污水水质特征和污染排放规律进行研究,不但有助于正确认识、科学把握城市面源污染特征,还有利于污染控制对策的制定和治理工程的开展。选择镇江市老城区典型合流制管网系统——黎明河溢流口,采用定点动态采样的方法,进行该区域生活污水水质特征和污染排放规律研究。研究结果表明,研究区域内各月的COD、TN、TP和SS的逐时变化规律具有各自的相似性。     

基于FP-growth算法的高校群体性突发事件关联规则分析

为有效预防高校群体性突发事件,借助数据挖掘关联规则挖掘理论,在分析高校突发事件关键诱发因素基础上,构建基于FP-growth算法的高校群体性突发事件关联规则挖掘模型。并将模型应用于事务数据库数据的分析中,研究关键诱发因素间关联关系,实现强关联规则输出。研究结果表明,多数高校群体性突发事件的发生与日期没有必然联系;内部管理因素、内外部突发事件、内部突发事件、政治因素是诱发高校群体性突发事件的主要因素,且外部因素导致的群体性突发事件影响力远远超过内部因素的影响力;当突发事件发生后,应急处置的有效性是决定突发事件影响力的重要因素。     

煤层群下保护层开采保护范围的数值模拟

为确定煤层群下保护层开采上部被保护煤层的保护范围,结合金佳矿一采煤工作面保护层顶底板煤岩层的物理力学参数和地质特征,采用FLAC3D软件模拟下保护层开采中被保护层的应力场及变形场的变化过程,得出保护层的保护效果;并根据保护层开采的应力卸压保护准则和变形保护准则,确定保护层沿倾向和走向的保护范围。结果表明,由于岩性及岩层结构的影响,通过数值模拟确定的各被保护层的保护范围与按照卸压角确定的保护范围有一定差异;分别用现场考察与数值模拟这2种方法所确定的下保护层保护范围基本一致。     

红土地区地铁暗挖隧道施工地表沉降规律研究

红土在我国有较为广泛的分布,红土具有一定的胀缩性,底部常有软土和土洞分布,容易引起地基变形和地面塌陷。因此,红土地区地铁建设设计、施工都有其特殊性。以昆明地铁施工监测数据为例,研究红土地区地铁施工地表沉降规律,分析其安全性,并为今后红土地区地铁建设提供参考。     

不同粒度锡采矿废石重金属淋溶规律及影响机制

采用广西某锡矿不同粒度采矿废石进行模拟酸雨动态淋溶试验,研究了不同粒度锡采矿废石的淋溶规律,结果表明,淋溶前期,废石溶出重金属浓度呈上升趋势,Pb、Zn溶出浓度表现出中粒度>细粒度>粗粒度,As溶出浓度最高为0.12mg/L,表现为细粒度>中粒度>粗粒度;淋溶中后期,废石溶出重金属浓度呈平缓甚至缓慢下降趋势,3种重金属溶出规律均表现为细粒度>中粒度>粗粒度, Pb、Zn、As最高溶出浓度分别为0.91,1.05,0.12mg/L.研究了重金属溶出动力学并运用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱仪、比表面积及孔径分布仪和化学测试等手段分析得出了锡采矿废石淋溶影响机制,淋溶前期主要受粒度影响,溶质以对流运移为主;淋溶后期受粒度、空隙率、比表面积、表面结构和形态分布等多重因素影响,溶质以对流运移和分子扩散综合影响为主.本研究方法及结论可为废石重金属防控和监管提供理论依据.     

污染源自动监测异常数据识别规则及处理方法探索

基于大量污染源自动监测数据的特征分析与异常原因解析,探索建立针对自动监测异常数据的识别规则与标志处理方法,并通过模型训练实现了异常数据的自动标志.经实例验证,该方法可识别异常偏高、异常偏低、异常为0、迟滞不变、逻辑错误等5种类型的异常数据,按照数据有效性及异常原因进行标志处理,可以为后续数据分析及各类模型训练提供数据基...     

红枫湖水源地附近粉煤灰堆积场重金属存在形态及静态淋溶规律

酸雨对露天粉煤灰堆积场的淋滤作用导致周围环境产生重金属污染是一种广泛现象.为研究酸雨对贵阳市水源地红枫湖周边一大型粉煤灰堆积场的重金属迁移影响,本文以这一粉煤灰堆积场为研究对象,通过静态淋溶实验探讨了粉煤灰中Cr、Ni、CU、Zn、AS、Cd、Pb等7种重金属元素的含量、存在形态、淋溶时间、堆积时间、粒度对重金属溶出规律的影响.结果表明,粉煤灰中Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、As和Cd等6种重金属的含量随堆积时间增加而增大,Cr含量变化与上述反之;在淋溶实验中,堆积时间的增加使Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn重金属元素的可溶态减小;在淋溶第28—48天期间,Cr、Ni和Cu元素溶出浓度降低的粒度顺序为细粒度>中粒度和粗粒度、Cd元素溶出浓度降低的粒度顺序为中粒度>粗粒度>细粒度.本研究对红枫湖水源地和周边地下水的重金属防控提供一定的参考依据.     

巨枝人工林灌木层优势种的种间联结性分析

种间联结的研究对于人工林群落的生物多样性保育和可持续经营与管理具有重要的意义,目前对巨桉人工林灌木层物种之间的作用关系知之甚少。根据野外60个样方的调查数据,运用x^2检验、Jaccard指数和Spearman秩相关系数研究了巨桉（Eucalyptusgrandis）人工林灌木层18个优势种的种间关联和相关关系。结果表明,灌木层优势种具有总体上的正联结性,但在153个种对中,具有显著正联结性的种对数约占总种对数的10％,绝大数种对表现为弱联结性或无联结性,种间关系较为松散,表明巨桉林下灌木种群具有相对独立分布的特性。研究种间关系时,种间关联结合种间相关得出的结果较好。根据分析结果将18个优势种划分为4个生态种组,生态种组内的种其资源利用方式和生态要求相似,而组间表现出明显的差异。生态种组的划分能为巨桉人工林林下灌木层的管理提供理论依据。     

Tank-dependence of the functionality and network differentiation of activated sludge community in a full-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic municipal sewage treatment plant

● Environmental parameters affected functional bacteria and network associations. ● The structure and interactions of AS networks changed greatly within tanks. ● Anoxic co-occurrence network was more unstable and easily influenced. ● Composition of functional bacteria had a seasonal succession pattern. ● Tetrasphaera was the major PAO in spring and winter leading a better P removal. Understanding the structures and dynamics of bacterial communities in activated sludge (AS) in full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is of both engineering and ecological significance. Previous investigations have mainly focused on the AS communities of WWTP aeration tanks, and the differences and interactions between the communities in anaerobic and anoxic tanks of the AS system remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the structures of bacterial communities and their inter-connections in three tanks (anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic) and influent from a full-scale WWTP with conventional anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic (A/A/O) process over a year to explore their functionality and network differentiation. High-throughput sequencing showed that community compositions did not differ appreciably between the different tanks, likely due to the continuous sludge community interchange between tanks. However, network analysis showed significant differences in inter-species relationships, OTU topological roles, and keystone populations in the different AS communities. Moreover, the anoxic network is expected to be more unstable and easily affected by environmental disturbance. Tank-associated environmental factors, including dissolved oxygen, pH, and nutrients, were found to affect the relative abundance of functional genera (i.e., AOB, NOB, PAOs, and denitrifiers), suggesting that these groups were more susceptible to environmental variables than other bacteria. Therefore, this work could assist in improving our understanding of tank-associated microbial ecology, particularly the response of functional bacteria to seasonal variations in WWTPs employing A/A/O process.