基于“压力-状态-响应”模型的江苏省环境绩效评估研究

环境绩效评估通过量化环境管理效果和分析环境管理中的不足,为改善环境管理水平提供依据。本研究依据压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型和主题框架法构建了包括环境效率、环境质量、环境治理3个二级指标和15个三级指标的市级环境绩效评估指标体系,并运用目标渐进法和均权法计算了江苏省13个地级2015年的环境绩效指数。结果显示,江苏省各地级市综合环境绩效指数分布在58.41(连云港市)~74.98(苏州市)之间,且与经济发展水平正相关。从空间分布来看,位于苏中地区的城市综合环境绩效多为良好,苏南和苏北各地之间的绩效差距较大;在二级指标中,苏南环境效率和环境治理绩效相对较好,苏中环境效率和环境质量绩效较好,苏北环境质量绩效较好。此外,本研究认为三级指标中的单位GDP用水量、空气质量达良好以上天数、工业用水重复利用率、一般工业固体废物利用率以及秸秆综合利用率等是主要的限制性指标。     

Institutional Constraints on Cost‐Effective Water Management: Selenium Contamination in Colorado's Lower Arkansas River Valley

Ground and surface water selenium (Se) contamination is problematic throughout the world, leading to harmful impacts on aquatic life, wildlife, livestock, and humans. A groundwater reactive transport model was applied to a regional‐scale irrigated groundwater system in the Lower Arkansas River Basin in southeastern Colorado to identify management practices that remediate Se contamination. The system has levels of surface water and groundwater Se concentrations exceeding the respective chronic standard and guidelines. We evaluate potential solutions by combining the transport model with an assessment of the cost to employ those practices. We use a framework common in economics and engineering fields alike, the Pareto frontier, to show the impact of four different best management practices on the tradeoffs between Se and cost objectives. We then extend that analysis to include institutional constraints that affect the economic feasibility associated with each practice. Results indicate that although water‐reducing strategies have the greatest impact on Se, they are the hardest for farmers to implement given constraints common to western water rights institutions. Therefore, our analysis shows that estimating economic and environmental tradeoffs, as is typically done with a Pareto frontier, will not provide an accurate picture of choices available to farmers where institutional constraints should also be considered.     

Variability and Trends in Runoff Efficiency in the Conterminous United States

Variability and trends in water‐year runoff efficiency (RE) — computed as the ratio of water‐year runoff (streamflow per unit area) to water‐year precipitation — in the conterminous United States (CONUS) are examined for the 1951 through 2012 period. Changes in RE are analyzed using runoff and precipitation data aggregated to United States Geological Survey 8‐digit hydrologic cataloging units (HUs). Results indicate increases in RE for some regions in the north‐central CONUS and large decreases in RE for the south‐central CONUS. The increases in RE in the north‐central CONUS are explained by trends in climate, whereas the large decreases in RE in the south‐central CONUS likely are related to groundwater withdrawals from the Ogallala aquifer to support irrigated agriculture.     

采用支持向量机算法优化电化学处理油田污水的工艺参数

采用支持向量机(SVM)算法,将Box-Behnken设计法与支持向量回归算法(SVR)实验参数优化软件相结合,优化电化学去除油田污水COD的工艺参数。通过量子粒子群算法对SVM算法参数进行优化,从建立的回归模型中找到工艺参数的全局最佳点:电解时间60 min,电解电流3 A,三维电极填充料中石英砂质量695 g。模型得到的COD理论最优去除率为92.48%,验证实验得到的COD去除率为91.43%。     

水体中常见无机阳离子对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的影响

选择了6种水体中常见的阳离子（Na^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋、Al^3＋、Cu^2＋、Ni^2＋）,分别考查了其对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的影响;从光吸收、无机离子本身的性质对光生电子的捕获及传递等讨论了上述离子影响TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的反应速率的原因。结果表明：由于其不能捕获光生电子,Na^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋本身对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的反应速率影响不大;Al^3＋吸引电子能力较强,成为光生电子和Cr（Ⅵ）之间的桥梁,促进了Cr（Ⅵ）的还原;浓度为1 mmmol/L时,Cu^2＋显著地促进了Cr（Ⅵ）的光催化还原,其主要原因是Cu^2＋捕获光生电子的能力很强,起到了催化剂的作用,而浓度大于10 mmol/L时,Cu^2＋形成单质Cu以及对紫外光的吸收都使促进作用降低;Ni^2＋未充满的d轨道具有获得并传递光生电子的能力,也促进了Cr（Ⅵ）的还原;在浓度同为1mmol/L时,对Cr（Ⅵ）光催化还原的促进作用依次为：Cu^2＋〉Al^3＋〉Ni^2＋〉Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋。     

Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants - Conception of a database and first results

We created a database in order to quantitatively assess the occurrence and removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). From 117 scientific publications, we compiled 6641 data covering 184 PPCPs. Data included the concentrations of PPCPs in WWTP influents and effluents, their removal efficiency and their loads to the aquatic environment. The first outputs of our database allowed to identify the most investigated PPCPs in WWTPs and the most persistent ones, and to obtain reliable and quantitative values on their concentrations, frequency of detection and removal efficiency in WWTPs. We were also able to compare various processes and pointed out activated sludge with nitrogen treatment and membrane bioreactor as the most efficient ones.     

ABR-生物接触氧化法处理果汁废水实验分析

厌氧式折流反应器(Anaerobic Baffled Reactor,简称ABR)是一种新型高效厌氧反应器,具有工艺技术简单、建设投资费用低、运行管理方便、固液分离效果好、出水水质好、运行稳定可靠、对有毒物质适应性强等优点,是一种极具开发应用前景的废水生物处理新技术。ABR最大的特点是在反应器中设置上下折流板而在水流方向上形成依次串联的隔室,从而使其中的微生物种群沿长度方向的不同隔室实现产酸和产甲烷相的分离。该反应器具有结构简单,截留污泥能力强,系统处理效果稳定,运行管理方便等优点。分析了ABR及ABR与其它工艺的联合在果汁废水处理方面的应用。     

反渗透处理稀土氨氮废水试验研究

根据稀土冶炼厂排放的碳铵沉淀洗涤废水的水质情况，采用NH4Cl和 NaCl模拟废水进行了反渗透可行性对比实验。模拟实验发现，在相同条件下反渗透对NaCl 较NH₄Cl 有着更高的去除率，而NH₄Cl 相对NaCl则有着更高的产水速率。实际废水试验结果表明，在恒定操作压力范围内回收率为65%的条件下，NH₄Cl浓度为2.85 g/L的碳铵沉淀洗涤废水经反渗透处理其NH₄Cl去除率为77.3%，可作为氨氮废水的预处理。对该废水处理成本进行了分析，得出其约为2.7元/m³，比相近浓度氨氮废水的氨吹脱处理成本节省约26%。     

308 nm光作用下α-Fe2O3表面HNO3的光解

采用紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及离子色谱(IC)技术对HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面暗反应和308nm下光解反应进行了研究.考察了时间、HNO3浓度、相对湿度(RH)等条件对反应的影响.结果表明,随着HNO3浓度、光照时间的增加,HNO3在气相与α-Fe2O3表面光解产物浓度均呈指数增加;HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面光解产生的NO2、NO分别为气相产生的3.27及3.87倍,而无论气相还是表面光解的NO2浓度均约为NO的2倍.随着RH的增加,HNO3光解产生的HONO的浓度随之呈指数增大,其产率从RH 20%时的0.023增加到90%时的0.087.α-Fe2O3的表面效应在HNO3的表面光解反应中起主导作用.     

青岛不同强度霾天气溶胶中二次无机离子的生成及粒径分布

于2015年9月至2016年2月在青岛近海连续收集了大气气溶胶分级样品,用离子色谱法分析了其中的水溶性无机离子组分,并讨论了不同强度霾天下气溶胶中二次无机组分的粒径分布,初步探索了霾天SNA的形成过程和影响因素.结果表明,气溶胶中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、NO_2~-和Cl~-的质量浓度变化范围分别是10.32~193.46、4.42~74.05、2.21~57.75、0.05~2.22和1.35~17.39μg·m~(-3),且SNA的质量浓度随霾污染程度的加剧明显增加.与非霾天相比,轻微、轻度、中度和重度霾天与非霾天相比,NO_3~-的质量浓度分别增加了55%、77%、240%和537%;SO_4~(2-)的质量浓度分别增加了4.7%、35%、77%和262%;NH_4~+的质量浓度分别增加了72%、83%、201%和526%.细粒径上的NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)与其气态前体物NO_2、SO_2均有显著相关性,且与相对湿度、能见度、风速等气象条件相关性较好,说明细粒径SNA的生成是造成霾天能见度下降,形成空气污染的主要原因之一,同时,高浓度前体物、较大相对湿度、低风速都是影响霾天形成的重要因素.除轻微霾天外,其他不同强度霾天的SOR(硫氧化率)、NOR(氮氧化率)均大于非霾天,且随着霾程度的加剧,SOR、NOR都有明显的升高,尤其是0.43~0.65μm和0.65~1.1μm粒径段;在重度霾天,氮和硫的转化率平均为非霾天的1.5倍,说明细粒径上的硫酸盐和硝酸盐大部分是气-粒转化而来.NO_3~-、NH_4~+、NO_2~-和SO_4~(2-)主要存在于细粒径段,霾天下在细粒径上的比例都显著增大,NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)在严重霾天所占比例最高,分别达到79.4%和74.4%.NO_3~-在非霾、轻微、轻度霾天时均呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm处,中度霾天时细粒子峰值移动到0.65~1.1μm,在重度霾天粒径分布变为0.65~1.1μm的单峰分布.SO_4~(2-)只在非霾条件下呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm和2.1~3.3μm粒径段,霾天下均是单峰分布,轻微和轻度霾天下峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm,中度和重度霾天下峰值在0.65~1.1μm处.NH_4~+呈单峰分布,在非霾和轻微霾天下峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,轻度、中度和重度霾天下峰值均出现在0.65~1.1μm粒径段.