Effects of humic acid coatings on phenanthrene sorption to black carbon

Black carbon (BC) can strongly adsorb hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs).The HOC sorption to coated BC could be attenuated in soil and sediment compared with that of the parent BC.To study the potential causes of the sorption attenuation,humic acid (HA) and BC were isolated.Phenanthrene (PHE) was selected as the representative of HOCs.BC was coated with the precipitated HA.The PHE sorption to the HA-coated BC was determined.The HA coatings on BC could result in the significant sorption attenuation of PHE to BC.The attenuation varied in different HA origin and was positively correlated to the aromaticity of HA.The attenuation could be explained by the direct competition between HA and PHE for the available sorption sites on BC and the reduction of the available sorption sites as a result of the pore blockage of BC caused by the HA coatings.Therefore,the HA coatings on BC was one potential cause of the attenuation of HOC sorption to BC in soil and sediment.     

Oxidation of diesel soot on binary oxide CuCr(Co)-based monoliths

Binary oxide systems (CuCr₂O₄, CuCo₂O₄), deposited onto cordierite monoliths of honeycomb structure with a second support (finely dispersed Al₂O₃), were prepared as filters for catalytic combustion of diesel soot using internal combustion engine's gas exhausts (O₂, NO_x, H₂O, CO₂) and O³ as oxidizing agents. It is shown that the second support increases soot capacity of aforementioned filters, and causes dispersion of the particles of spinel phases as active components enhancing thereby catalyst activity and selectivity of soot combustion to CO₂. Oxidants used can be arranged with reference to decreasing their activity in a following series: O₃ >> NO₂ > H₂O > NO > O₂ > CO₂. Ozone proved to be the most efficient oxidizing agent: the diesel soot combustion by O₃ occurs intensively (in the presence of copper chromite based catalyst) even at closing to ambient temperatures. Results obtained give a basis for the conclusion that using a catalytic coating on soot filters in the form of aforementioned binary oxide systems and ozone as the initiator of the oxidation processes is a promising approach in solving the problem of comprehensive purification of automotive exhaust gases at relatively low temperatures, known as the "cold start" problem.     

Bioassays and selected chemical analysis of biocide-free antifouling coatings

Over the years several types of biocide-free antifouling paints have entered the market. The prohibition of biocidal antifouling paints in special areas of some European countries such as Sweden, Denmark and Germany has favoured the introduction of these paints to the market.

Several types of biocide-free antifouling paints were subjected to bioassays and selected chemical analysis of leachate and incorporated substances. Both non-eroding coatings (silicones, fibre coats, epoxies, polyurethane, polyvinyl) and eroding coatings (SPCs, ablative) were tested to exclude the presence of active biocides and dangerous compounds. The paints were subjected to the luminescent bacteria test and the cypris larvae settlement assay, the latter delivering information on toxicity as well as on efficacy.

The following chemical analyses of selected compounds of dry-film were performed:

• leaching-rate of organotin compounds from silicones and of nonylphenol and bisphenol A from epoxy and vinyl based coatings,

• concentration and leaching rate of selected organic compounds in polyurethane,

• concentration of heavy metals in eroding coatings.

The results of the bioassays indicated that none of the coatings analysed contained leachable biocides. Nevertheless, some products contained or leached dangerous compounds. The analyses revealed leaching of nonylphenol (up to 74.7 ng/cm²/d after 48 h) and bisphenol A (up to 2.77 ng/cm²/d after 24 h) from epoxy resins used as substitutes for antifouling paints. The heavy metal, zinc, was measured in dry paint film in quantities up to 576 000 ppm in erodable coatings, not incorporated as a biocide but to control the rate of erosion. Values for TBT in silicone elutriates were mostly below the detection limit of 0.005 mg/kg. Values for DBT ranged between <0.005 and 6.28 mg/kg, deriving from catalysts used as curing agents. Some biocide-free paints contained leachable, toxic and dangerous compounds in the dry film, some of which may act as substitutes for biocides or are incorporated as plasticizers or catalysts. Implications to environmental requirements and legislation are discussed.     

基于实测的建筑类涂料挥发性有机物(VOCs)含量水平及组分特征

选取内墙涂料、外墙涂料、防水涂料、地坪涂料、防腐涂料5类建筑涂料为研究对象,通过对企业生产与市场销售的涂料抽检获取涂料样品,利用国内建筑涂料挥发性有机化合物标准检测方法,对其VOCs含量水平及组分特征进行检测.结果表明,内墙涂料与外墙涂料VOCs含量水平分别处于0~145 g·L~(-1)与0~171 g·L~(-1)之间,内墙面漆、内墙底漆、外墙面漆与外墙底漆符合HJ 2537-2014中VOCs含量限值的样品数分别占抽检样品总数的90%、80%、96%与94%,VOCs含量水平较低.90%以上聚合物水泥防水涂料与丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液防水涂料VOCs含量水平都小于10 g·L~(-1),聚氨酯防水涂料VOCs含量水平处于1~324 g·L~(-1)之间.溶剂型涂料VOCs含量水平总体很高,溶剂型防腐涂料与溶剂型地坪涂料VOCs含量水平分别处于291~681 g·L~(-1)与16~580 g·L~(-1),不同成分与不同品牌溶剂型涂料VOCs含量水平有很大差异.水性建筑涂料中VOCs物种占比最高的是1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇,其次是甲醇与2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇,不同品牌涂料使用的醇类物质种类与比例不同.溶剂型建筑涂料中VOCs物种主要包括甲苯、乙苯、间/邻/对二甲苯等芳香烃类,乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯与乙酸异丁酯等酯类.     

直升机旋翼桨叶有机涂层防护性能在户内加速试验中的变化

目的考核评价高原环境下服役的直升机旋翼桨叶典型结构及其防护体系的耐腐蚀性能。方法利用建立的模拟高原环境加速试验谱,再现直升机旋翼桨叶结构防护体系实际服役过程中出现的腐蚀损伤,采取电化学阻抗谱测试研究涂层阻抗的变化。结果经历8个周期的户内加速试验后,新修桨叶试验件表面有机涂层Bode曲线呈现小幅下降,即有机涂层防护性能下降;报废桨叶试验件表面有机涂层的特定频率电化学阻抗模值与原始情况相比仅下降了不到1个数量级。结论报废桨叶试验件表面有机涂层电化学阻抗模值曲线在8个周期后仍然小幅高于未经历户内加速试验的新修桨叶试验件。     

负载型汽车尾气催化剂简介

本文就近年来对负载型汽车尾气催化剂的研究进展进行综述,侧重说明其组成配方,性能的影响因素,及相关的结构研究。讨论了催化剂制备工艺,添加剂的作用,催化剂种类,催化剂失活原因和表征方法     

采用锥形量热仪(CONE)研究和评价新型可膨胀石墨防火涂料

利用锥形量热仪(CONE)实验获得的热失重速率(MLR)、热释放速率(HRR)、有效燃烧热(EHC)、比消光面积(SEA)、CO2、CO和点燃时间(TTI)等参数对可膨胀石墨防火涂料与传统的膨胀型防火涂料的阻燃性能、烟毒释放、阻燃机理进行了对比研究。结果表明,与传统的膨胀型防火涂料相比,可膨胀石墨防火涂料由于在热降解过程中成炭量较高,炭层具有更好的热稳定性,因而其阻燃和隔热性能更为优良,具有更长的耐燃时间,且烟毒释放少,安全性能更高。     

生命周期方法在天然气基汽车燃料评价中的运用

运用生命周期评价方法,对以天然气为原料生产压缩天然气、甲醇、二甲醚、柴油4种汽车代用燃料系统进行生命周期的能源、环境和经济评价,评价结果是：压缩天然气系统生命周期内的能耗相对少,总成本相对低,对生态环境更友好,压缩天然气是富含天然气地区一段时期内汽车代用燃料的优先选择．     

汽车内外饰件常用刮擦试验方法及应用

本文阐述了刮擦试验的原理,从试验样品准备、试验条件、试验结果评价等方面分析和总结了刮擦试验的技术要点;对目前主要汽车企业常用的汽车内外饰件刮擦试验方法及其应用作了介绍,并分析了刮擦试验方法的发展趋势。     

不同B_(4)C含量对冷喷涂Al/B_(4)C复合涂层防腐与耐磨性能的影响

目的分析不同B_(4)C含量对冷喷涂Al/B_(4)C复合涂层防腐和耐磨性能的影响,探索利用冷喷涂低温特点制备Al/B_(4)C复合涂层的可行性。方法利用冷喷涂方法制备4种B_(4)C含量的Al/B_(4)C复合涂层,并利用各种方法表征涂层的结合特征、耐磨性能和防腐性能。结果冷喷涂过程不会改变铝和碳化硼的物相,碳化硼颗粒主要以嵌入方式结合在涂层中,会产生结合缺陷。在本研究中,B_(4)C的质量分数最高可达到34.53%左右,涂层的结合强度随粉末中碳化硼含量的增加先增加、后降低,最高可达26.67 MPa。微区电化学试验分析涂层内部微电位差值,发现Al/B_(4)C界面存在电位差,腐蚀反应会优先在Al/B_(4)C界面发生,从而破坏金属Al成膜,使涂层的耐蚀性能与略低于铝块材。结论冷喷涂技术可以制备微观结构和结合性能良好的高B_(4)C含量Al/B_(4)C复合涂层,涂层中B_(4)C的质量分数最高达34.53%,预期具有良好的热中子吸收性能。同时,B_(4)C颗粒的加入,使得涂层的耐磨性能大大的提升,但是耐蚀性能相比于铝材料略有降低,是未来需要改善的方向。