山西省主要城市的空气质量长期变化特征研究

利用了2007年－2012年山西省11个城市的空气质量日报资料对空气质量的变化特征及其影响因素进行了研究分析。结果表明,太原市API指数累年平均值最大,长治市和忻州市最小;就年际变化而言,6年来,太原市API指数呈逐年下降趋势,其他城市在2011年－2012年均有不同程度的回升。空气质量的季节变化特征为夏季较好,冬季较差;各城市的首要污染物均为可吸入颗粒物。以山西省大气污染防治重点控制区太原市为例,探讨了空气质量的可能影响因素。     

2014年泉州市区PM2.5浓度的时空变化特征分析研究

基于2014年泉州市区环境空气自动监测站的PM2.5、PM10等监测数据,讨论市区PM2.5的时空分布特征.结果表明,泉州市区PM2.5浓度存在较为明显的时空分布特征.(1)时间分布特征:PM2.5的年均值为34μg/m3,月均值最大值出现在1月,最小值出现在7月;PM2.5浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,春冬两季明显高于夏秋;PM2.5/PM10最高值出现在2月,最低值出现在7月;PM2.5/PM10冬季最高,夏季最低.(2)空间分布特征:3个监测点位中,PM2.5浓度涂山街最高,津头埔略低,万安最低;PM2.5/PM10万安最高,涂山街略低,津头埔最低.时间分布特征与气象条件有一定关系,而空间分布特征与建成区的建成时间先后、地理位置差异等有一定关系.     

香溪河岩溶流域水文地球化学特征分析

湖北宜昌香溪河流域碳酸盐岩分布广泛,岩溶地下水是当地居民的重要供水来源,研究地下水水化学组成的形成及内在规律,对当地地下水合理开发利用具有重要意义。以岩溶水为重点研究对象,并结合与岩溶水联系密切的降水、相邻非碳酸盐岩地下水、地表水,分析了香溪河流域水文地球化学特征。结果表明:研究区降水属于矿化度和硬度均低的弱酸性水,具有较强的侵蚀作用;研究区地表水化学组成是地层岩性比例的反映,干流受农业影响大而受工业活动影响小;受山区地形控制,研究区地下水矿化度较低,矿化度主要集中在150~300mg/L,并受地层岩性影响,碳酸盐岩裂隙水、岩浆岩裂隙水与碎屑岩裂隙水化学组成有所差异,总体来说水化学类型以HCO3-Ca型、HCO3-Ca+Mg型和HCO3-Mg+Ca型为主,同时受降水和温度影响,不同季节矿物溶解特点不一,地下水水质受农业药物影响程度较低。     

矿井瓦斯爆炸高速气流的破坏和伤害特性研究

针对煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故频发现状,基于爆炸动力学、流体动力学理论对巷道受限空间瓦斯爆炸冲击波波阵面后高速气流的传播特性进行分析,建立高速气流压力和速度关系的数学模型。结合在实验巷道中瓦斯爆炸高速气流压力实验数据,拟合瓦斯爆炸高速气流速度和传播距离的计算公式,其结果表明,井下瓦斯爆炸事故高速气流的传播速度随传播距离的增加而减小。依据我国陆地地面风力等级划分标准比照可得瓦斯爆炸高速气流的等级为飓风级,对井下人员伤害巨大。该研究成果为控制和预防瓦斯爆炸破坏和伤害事故扩大及事故应急救援提供了理论依据。     

页岩气开发中压裂返排液的水质污染特征研究

页岩气压裂返排液成分复杂,为了解页岩气开采过程中压裂返排液的污染情况,对四川某页岩气典型井场不同时期的压裂返排液污染物组成进行了分析,采用超滤膜法测定溶解性有机物(DOM)相对分子质量分布特性,通过建立水质矩阵开展污染特性评价,并进行了综合生态毒性研究。结果表明,该区域不同时期压裂返排液中污染物特征相似,主要污染因子为总有机碳(TOC)和氯离子,并且生物毒性高、可生化性差。研究结果可为该区域压裂返排液处理技术的选择提供参考。     

Do plants’ emissions respond to ambient environmental quality? Evidence from the clean water act

In this paper we show that plants respond to downstream ambient water quality after controlling for permitted levels of pollution. We find if past water quality declines by one percent, plants reduce current pollution by 0.35 percent. The magnitude of this coefficient is comparable to the coefficient on permitted discharge levels i.e. regulatory stringency itself. Results are consistent with two mechanisms. First, a decline in water quality may lead to more stringent permits that would raise the cost of abatement of a plant significantly. Second, the plant is likely to be subject to increased public pressure in response to poor water quality. Indeed, as expected, the impact of water quality becomes stronger in locations with higher median household income, higher percent carpooling to work, or lower percent of manufacturing employment but surprisingly with lower median age of residents, lower percent with bachelor׳s degree or higher percent of families with children.     

西宁市浅层地下水化学特征及形成机制

地下水是西部干旱地区重要的供水水源，随着西部大开发战略的深入，工业化和城市化发展加大了西宁市对地下水资源量的需求，不合理的开发利用已引起地下水环境发生变化，探明地下水化学演化特征及形成机制，对防止其恶化，确保可持续利用至关重要.运用水化学和多元统计技术相结合的方法，分析了西宁市地下水化学特征，探讨了地下水的形成机制和不同因子的影响程度.结果表明，西宁市浅层地下水化学类型多达36种，以HCO₃-Ca(Mg)(占比60.00%)和HCO₃·SO₄-Ca(Mg)(占比11.81%)为主，草地、林地和裸地中地下水化学类型5～6种，建设用地和耕地中地下水化学类型复杂，多达21种，表明受到人类活动影响较强.研究区地下水化学演化过程主要受岩石风化溶滤、蒸发结晶和阳离子交换作用综合影响，主要控制因素分别是水-岩相互作用(贡献率为27.56%)、工业废水排放(贡献率为16.16%)、酸碱环境(贡献率为16.00%)、化肥、农药的过量施用(贡献率为13.11%)和生活污水(贡献率为8.82%).针对西宁市地下水化学特征及其人类活动影响，提出...     

Influence of aeration modes on leachate characteristic of landfills that adopt the aerobic–anaerobic landfill method

As far as the optimal design, operation, and field application of the Aerobic–Anaerobic Landfill Method (AALM) are concerned, it is very important to understand how aeration modes (different combinations of aeration depth and air injection rate) affect the biodegradation of organic carbon and the transformation of nitrogen in landfill solid waste. Pilot-scale lysimeter experiments were carried out under different aeration modes to obtain detailed information regarding the influence of aeration modes on leachate characteristics. Results from these lysimeter experiments revealed that aeration at the bottom layer was the most effective for decomposition of organic carbon when compared with aeration at the surface or middle layers. Moreover, the air injection rate led to different nitrogen transformation patterns, unlike the lesser influence it has on organic carbon decomposition. Effective simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were observed for the aeration mode with a higher air injection rate (=1.0 L/min). On the other hand, the phenomenon of sequenced nitrification and denitrification could be observed when a low air injection rate (=0.5 L/min.) was employed. Finally, it is concluded that, for AALM, air injection with a higher air injection rate at the deepest layer near the leachate collection pipe tends to accelerate the stabilization of landfill waste as defined in terms of the enhancement of denitrification as well as organic carbon decomposition.     

Macroinvertebrates As Bioindicators of Water Pollution in Streams Draining Dairy Farming Catchments

Runoff from intensive dairy farming systems can impair the quality of catchment waters, with potential ecological and human health implications. A water quality study was carried out in three streams in a predominantly dairy farming region, with the aim of assessing the effects of diffused- and point-sourced inputs on a number of water quality parameters and benthic macroinvertebrates. the results showed significant increases in streamwater biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N) and molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) concentrations between the farm reaches. These changes in water quality appeared to be due largely to the point-sourced inputs from farmyards, and had a significant effect on the ability of the water to support a healthy and diverse community of invertebrates. the results also showed that concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammonium in streamwater were the two most important parameters studied that were inversely related to the invertebrate scores.     

陕北黄土高原区滑坡发育类型与时空分布特征——以吴起县为例

自1970年代以来,因吴起油田的发现,吴起县石油开采及相关工程建设频繁,各项工程建设在为吴起县带来经济发展的同时也引发了大量滑坡灾害。以"陕西省延安市吴起县地质灾害详细调查"项目为依托,对县内滑坡的类型及分布情况进行了较为详细的野外调查。根据调查结果将滑坡分为黄土层内滑坡、黄土-红粘土接触面滑坡、红粘土-基岩接触面滑坡和黄土泥流滑坡四类,并对滑坡灾害的时间、空间及时空分布特征进行了分析,最后提出相关防治对策。