Biological complexity confounds the separation of point- and non-point sources of human impact on the natural world

Identifying process from pattern is one of the most vexing tasks inenvironmental monitoring. Given information on the distribution of speciesin a pre-defined area, together with comprehensive data on how environmentalconditions in that area have altered through time, is it possible toidentify the factors controlling the species‘ layout? Here, the practicalsignificance of this quandary is demonstrated using a series ofenvironmentally-degraded coastal lagoons in New South Wales. The TuggerahLakes (33°17′S,151°30′E) have over the last 50 yearsexperienced significant changes in species‘ distributions. Seagrasses,macroalgae, phytoplankton, molluscs, prawns and the jellyfish Catostylus mosaicus have altered in spatial pattern. Two human activitieshave been blamed for these perturbations: (1) agricultural clearance ofnative vegetation from the catchment, with associated input of top-soil andnutrients; (2) the commissioning of a coal-fired power station in 1967, withmassive uptake and recirculation of lake water for cooling purposes. In thispaper, spatial changes in macrophyte distributions over the last 50 yearsare reviewed in an attempt to identify the true source(s) of perturbation.The model adopted assumes that the power station is a point source of impactwhile nutrient inputs from the catchment are a diffuse source of impact;changes in species distributions can hypothetically be related back to thesesources according to whether they are localised or widespread. However,after a comprehensive analysis of available macrophyte data derived frominterviews, aerial photography and line transect methodologyies theconclusion is reached that changes in biogeographical pattern around theTuggerah Lakes cannot be attributed to specific anthropogenic pressures atanything beyond the coarsest of levels. This is considered to be the normfor most coastal management situations where natural background variation(’noise‘) and the complexity of linkages between physical, chemical andbiological components confounds the identification of causal relationships.The practical implications of this conclusion are discussed in the contextof litigation and remedial management design. Emphasis is placed on theneed to adopt an adaptive approach to estuarine management, incorporatingexplicit recognition of the limitations of available data, and to developnew techniques for identifying cause-effect relationships.     

中国生物入侵现状及对策

生物入侵是当今世界三大难题之一,中国也是世界上遭受生物入侵危害最大的国家之一.入侵中国的生物主要是以陆生植物为主,源地以美洲为主.在地域分布上南方和东部地区比较严重.主要侵入途径是以人类活动影响为主,自然扩散比重比较小.生物入侵对我国造成的危害十分巨大,解决生物入侵的主要对策是加强立法,全民重视.     

Removal of high concentrated ammonia nitrogen from landfill leachate by landfilled waste layer

The landfill of municipal solid waste(MSW) could be regarded as denitrification reactor and involved in ammonia nitrogen biological removal process. In this research, the process was applied to municipal solid waste collected in Shanghai, China, which was characterized by high food waste content. The NH4^ removal efficiency in the system of SBR nitrifying reactor followed by fresh and matured landfilled waste layer in series was studied. In the nitrifying reactor, above 90% of NH4^ in leachate was oxidized to NO2^- and NO3^- . Then high concentrated NO2^- and NO3^- were removed in the way of denitrification process in fresh landfilled waste layer. At the same time, degradation of fresh landfilled waste was accelerated. Up to the day 120, 136.5 gC/(kg dry waste) and 17.9 gN/(kg dry waste) were converted from waste layer. It accounted for 50.15 % and 86.89 % of the total carbon and nitrogen content of preliminary fresh waste, which was 4.42 times and 5.17 times higher than that of reference column respectively. After filtering through matured landfilled waste, BOD5 concentration in leachate dropped to below 100 mg/L, which would not affect following nitrification adversely. Because the matured landfilled waste acted as a well methanogenic reactor, 23% of carbon produced accumulatively from fresh landfilled waste degradation was converted into CH4.     

利用脉冲澄清池补充处理生化后废水的运行结果和分析

通过对脉冲澄清池在综合废水处理中运行效果的跟踪分析,确定出利用脉冲澄清池补充处理生化后废水(悬浮物、COD_(cr)、BOD_5等)的影响程度,为其在综合废水处理工艺中的应用及其局限性,提供了必要的参考依据.     

生物转盘动力学分析与数学模式探讨

通过对生产性四级生物转 盘进出水中主要污染指标及生物膜特性指标的分析测定，进行了ＢＯＤ５、ＣＯＤ和挥发酚等污染指标在转盘系统中的降解反应动力学分析，确定了上述污染指标的降解反应级数、反应速率常数及动力８学方程式，为寻求能够揭示转盘净化反应实质及其影响因素且简便实用的设计计算公式，根据物料平衡原理和莫诺（Ｍｏｎｏｄ）关系式推导出了能够揭示转 盘净化反应实质及其影响因素且简便实用的设计计算公式，根据关     

印染废水处理工艺的改造实践

由于原有的废水处理系统的处理效果不能达到应有的处理目标。废水的色度、COD_(cr)、BOD_5、硫化物仍然经常出现超标现象。所以必须对原有的废水处理系统进行改进。通过实验室小试,确定新的絮凝剂和最佳操作条件,同时对接触氧化池的填料更换,提高废水中污染物的去除效率,使出水水质达到行业排放一级标准。该工艺具有运行费用低、处理效果稳定等特点,尤其适合中小型印染厂废水治理。     

物化-生化组合工艺处理化纤厂浆粕综合废水

根据化纤厂浆粕综合废水的水质特点 ,选择采用中和曝气 水解酸化 生物接触氧化 絮凝沉降处理工艺。实验结果表明 :当浆粕综合废水进水CODCr浓度 310 0～ 34 6 0mg/L ,BOD5浓度 10 2 0～ 142 0mg/L范围内时 ,处理后水质可达到《污水综合排放标准》GB8978 96中化纤浆粕工业二级排放标准。     

金属矿物的生物组构与生物化学作用

本文讨论了金属矿物的生物组构与生物化学作用的关系，作者认为金属矿物的生物组构的反应与生物化学作用具有相似性。     

微型生物在水质监测中的作用和意义

水污染仍是中国水环境面临的突出问题.生物监测是常用水质监测的有效方法之一,它是利用水生生物在污染环境下所发生的信息来判断水体污染状况的一种手段.而微型生物群落是水生态系统中一个完整的生态单元,具有对胁迫反应敏感以及胁迫过后自身恢复迅速等特性,在水质监测中起着重要的作用.水生微型生物主要包括藻类、原生动物、细菌、真菌、轮虫等.本文阐述它们在水生生态系统中具有的各自地位、作用和微型生物监测水质成为生物监测的重要手段的原因.     

可发性聚苯乙烯废水处理工程的设计与运行

介绍了采用中和混凝 水解酸化 生物接触氧化 化学除磷工艺对可发性聚苯乙烯 (EPS)废水的处理工艺。在废水中的CODCr、TP、SS、NH3 N分别为 194 0mg L、112mg L、5 92mg L、2 3 6mg L的条件下 ,废水经过处理后 ,出水CODCr、TP、SS、NH3 N分别为 70mg L、0 38mg L、2 6mg L、0 32mg L ,均可达到《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准 ,废水中CODCr、TP、SS、NH3 N的平均去除率分别为 96 4 %、99 3%、95 6 %、98 6 %。