天津汉沽海域表层沉积物中P的赋存特征分析

利用连续分级提取方法,对天津汉沽海域表层沉积物中P的含量水平、赋存形态、及其生物有效性进行了分析。结果表明:表层沉积物中TP的含量在525.68×10-6～688.39×10-6之间,平均含量约为618.18×10-6,其中86.98%以IP的形式存在;而在IP中,FA-P是其主要的赋存形态,平均约占TP的59.54%;IP含量范围为48.52×10-6～146.72×10-6,平均约占TP的13.02%。P的生物有效性分析结果显示,潜在的生物有效P主要包括Ads-P、Fe-P和OP等3种赋存形态,而天津汉沽海域表层沉积物中潜在的生物有效P含量约为465.87×10-6～609.79×10-6,平均约占沉积物TP的89.14%,表明研究区域内沉积物具有很强的释P潜力。     

长江口海域近50a来营养盐的变化及其对浮游植物群落演替的影响

本文根据收集到的1960s到2000s年间东海长江口附近海域(30.5～32°N,122～123°E)的营养盐数据,分析了长江口海域营养盐的季节变化及历史变化趋势。其中根据1959～1960年,1985～1986年和2002～2003年长江口海域营养盐的季节变化数据,发现50 a来,营养盐的季节变化差异不大,均呈现出春夏低,秋冬高的季节变化趋势,其中2002～2003年四个季节之间营养盐含量的变化幅度较其它两年略小。从1960s～2000s年的历史变化可以看出,调查海域的DIN含量呈现出显著上升的趋势,但是在2000年以后,DIN的年平均含量略有降低但变化不大,基本保持在18μmol/L。DIP年平均浓度变化不明显,浓度范围维持在0.39～0.60μmol/L之间。SiO3-Si的年平均含量呈现出明显的降低趋势。就营养盐组成变化来说,DIN/P比例和Si/DIN比值的变化趋势相反,DIN/P比例呈现出升高的趋势而Si/DIN呈现出降低的趋势。生物数据表明从1980s以后该海域赤潮优势种有从硅藻演变为甲藻的趋势,结合营养盐的变化分析认为过量的DIN和持续升高的DIN/P是造成这一藻种长期演变现象的主要原因。     

Characterizing ionic species in PM2:5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities, South China

PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)samples were collected at four major cities in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),South China,during winter and summer in 2002.Six water-soluble ions,Na~ ,NH_4~ ,K~ ,Cl~-,NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-)were measured using ion chromatography.On average,ionic species accounted for 53.3% and 40.5% for PM_(2.5)and PM_(10),respectively in winter and 39.4% and 35.2%,respectively in summer. Secondary ions such as sulfate,nitrate and ammonium accounted for the major part of the total ionic species.Sulfate was the most abundant species followed by nitrate.Overall,a regional pollution tendency was shown that there were higher concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in Guangzhou City than those in the other PRD cities.Significant seasonal variations were also observed with higher levels of species in winter but lower in summer.The Asian monsoon system was favorable for removal and diffusion of air pollutants in PRD in summer while highly loading of local industrial emissions tended to deteriorate the air quality as well.NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-) ratio indicated that mobile sources have considerably contribution to the urban aerosol,and stationary sources should not be neglected. Besides the primary emissions,complex atmospheric reactions under favorable weather conditions should be paid more attention for the control of primary emission in the PRD region.     

Kinetics of selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 on Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst

The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH3. The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O2 was studied in this work. The results show that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99, 0.01-0.13, and 0 for NO, O2 and NH3, respectively, at 350-450℃. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst. The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N2 and H2O. Gaseous O2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process. It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH3.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China

The Cr,Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb contents were determined in Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus,Carassius auratus Linnaeus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis,which were caught from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,a large,shallow and eutrophic lake of China.The results showed that:(1)the Cr,Cu,Pb,Cd contents in the edible parts of the four fish species were much lower than Chinese Food Health Criterion(1994),but the Zn contents were higher than the Criterion;(2)Cd contents were the highest in the liver of fish,Pb contents were almost the same in all organs of fish,Cr contents mainly enriched in the skin and gonads,Zn contents were the highest in the gonad(♀),and Cu contents were the highest in the liver;(3)the total metal accumulation was the greatest in the liver and the lowest in the muscle.The total metal accumulation was the highest in C.auratus L.This investigation indicated that fish products in Taihu Lake were still safe for human consumption,but the amount consumed should be controlled under the Chinese Food Health Criterion to avoid excessive intake of Zn.     

崇西湿地冬季潮滩鱼类种类组成及多样性分析

根据2006年冬季在崇西湿地进行的光滩和草滩插网渔获调查,首次对冬季长江口潮滩鱼类种类组成、多样性及相关环境因子作了分析。结果表明：冬季崇西湿地潮滩鱼类主要由淡水小型鱼类组成,共23种,隶属7科,20属。光滩和草滩插网的最大优势种皆为油,两种网具的渔获种类组成具一定的相似性。在一个潮周期内,3种多样性指数D、H′ 和J值波动范围较大,小汛潮时多样性指数比其它潮汛低。白天和晚上潮水的鱼类种类数无显著变化（P>0.5）,但在个体数和生物量上白天较晚上潮水高（P<0.5）。水温、潮汐大小对潮滩鱼类丰度影响较大,而与盐度相关较小。此外,天气状况也是影响潮滩鱼类的一个重要因子。总之,潮滩鱼类的种类组成和多样性受到各种环境因子的综合影响。     

三峡库区消落带土壤汞形态分布与风险评价

为了解三峡库区消落带土壤中汞污染现状和环境风险,选择重庆14个区县的消落带,采集了192个土壤样品,分析其土壤总汞和汞形态分布,探讨其生物可利用性,对比研究和评估土壤总汞与汞赋存形态的污染水平和生态风险.结果表明,三峡库区消落带土壤中汞含量差异较大,土壤汞含量为22.4~393.5μg·kg-1,平均值为(84.2±54.3)μg·kg-1,76.6%的采样点土壤汞含量超过了三峡库区土壤汞背景值.土壤中的汞以残留态为主,不同汞形态所占比例为:水溶态汞4.1%、酸溶态15.5%、碱溶态汞18.3%、过氧化氢溶态汞10.9%、残留态汞51.3%.各区县土壤中生物可利用性汞(水溶态汞、酸溶态汞与碱溶态汞之和)平均含量为19.7~36.6μg·kg-1,生物可利用态汞占总汞的比例达到22.1%~51.6%.地累积指数和潜在生态危害指数评价结果均表明,三峡库区消落带土壤中汞赋存形态的污染水平和生态风险都较低,由生物可利用态汞带来的生态风险也很小;而对土壤总汞含量评价的结果明显偏大.因此,采用汞赋存形态进行污染现状和生态危害评价更能反映消落带土壤汞的环境风险.     

胞外聚合物磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响研究

以不同DO条件下污泥龄(SRT)分别为10 d和30 d的两组实验室A/O-SBR反应器活性污泥为研究对象,探讨了胞外聚合物(EPS)磷酸盐形态对生物除磷过程的影响.结果表明,污泥絮体中的磷主要分布于EPS中,PO3-4-P和聚磷酸盐(Poly-P,包括低分子量聚磷酸盐LMW PolyP和高分子量聚磷酸盐HMW Poly-P)是EPS磷的主要形态;EPS对生物除磷的影响明显大于细菌细胞,EPS磷的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量为胞内磷变化量的2.8~6.4倍.EPS中的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P含量均表现厌氧降低和好氧升高的变化规律;对于相同SRT的污泥,中DO(2.5~3.5 mg·L-1)条件较低DO(0.7~1.0 mg·L-1)条件下EPS的LMW Poly-P和HMW Poly-P有更大的厌氧降低量和好氧升高量,对应着更明显的生物除磷过程,说明EPS不仅是生物除磷过程的中转站,而且参与了生物聚磷过程.     

污染土壤中重金属的超声波强化EDTA洗脱及形态变化

以EDTA为洗脱剂,对重金属污染土壤进行超声波强化洗脱正交实验,并用Tessier连续提取法研究了洗脱前后Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的形态变化.结果表明,在EDTA浓度20 mmol·L-1、固液比1∶20、超声波作用时间16 min、超声波功率54%、洗脱次数4次的条件下,对4种重金属洗脱率最大,分别为:Cd 83.6%、Cu 58.8%、Pb 98.0%、Zn 43.0%.在实验所设浓度范围内,随着EDTA浓度的升高,重金属洗脱率均有降低.形态分析结果显示,超声波强化EDTA洗脱能显著降低土壤重金属的残渣态含量.除土壤中Zn残渣态去除率只有5.7%以外,超声波强化EDTA洗脱对土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb的残渣态去除率都很高,分别为81.6%、62.3%、93.8%.     

陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物多样性研究

研究陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物多样性规律对于改善大庆市萨尔图区的生态环境,了解物种群落丰富度具有重要意义.通过野外样地调查,分析了陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物群落组成,并计算了植物群落多样性特征指数,包括Margalef指数,Simpson指数,Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数,结果表明,研究区湖泊湿地共有38种植物,分别隶属于18科34属,除榆树为木本植物外,有36种草本植物以及1种藓类植物.经数据处理后得出,每个样方平均含有3个物种,植株个体数目平均为115,Margalef指数平均值为0.567,Simpson指数平均值为0.814,Shannon-wiener指数平均值为0.313,Pielou均匀度指数平均值为0.267.由此看出,陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物多样性水平较低,植物群落组成较为单一,生态环境脆弱.