介质阻挡放电对湖泊水华蓝藻的去除

采用介质阻挡放电等离子体技术去除太湖水华蓝藻,考察了放电输出功率、空气流速、添加剂(异丙醇、腐植酸)等对蓝藻去除的影响。结果表明,介质阻挡放电能去除太湖水华蓝藻,放电功率100 W,空气流速1.0 L/min,放电18min,在光照强度2 000 lx和25℃下培养4 d,初始叶绿素a浓度为9.58 mg/L藻液中蓝藻去除率达87.8%。增加放电输出功率和空气流速能提高蓝藻的去除效率;腐植酸促进了介质阻挡放电对蓝藻的去除;而异丙醇添加剂抑制了介质阻挡放电的作用。放电处理后,蓝藻细胞内类胡萝卜素含量、SOD活性、MDA含量发生明显变化,介质阻挡放电破坏了蓝藻细胞内含物。     

“加压上浮法”应急除藻技术在水源地的应用示范

近年来,太湖蓝藻水华问题日趋严峻,除藻技术是解决该问题最直接而有效的手段,对现有各类除藻技术进行了比较,并以"加压上浮法"应急除藻技术在苏州阳澄湖局部地区的示范工程为例,介绍了该方法的技术原理、技术实现以及在工程应用中的实际意义,为同行在水源地或特殊功能区除藻技术的应用提供参考。     

Variation of cyanobacteria with different environmental conditions in Nansi Lake, China

Nansi Lake is located on the east line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. A comprehensive study was carried out to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in the lake from June 2008 to May 2011 based on monthly sample monitoring from five stations. The effect of environmental factors on cyanobacterial abundance was also evaluated. The cyanobacterial community contained 15 genera and 23 species. The cyanobacterial abundance of each monitoring station ranged from 0 to 1.53× 10⁷ cells/L with an average of 1.45×10⁶ cells/L, which accounted for 11.66% of the total phytoplankton abundance. The dominant species of cyanobacteria were Pseudanabaena (32.94%) and Merismopedia (19.85%), not the bloom-forming algae such as Microcystis and Anabaena. In addition, the cyanobacterial community structure and water quality variables changed substantially over the survey period. Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested that temperature and phosphorus were important environmental factors that affected cyanobacteria. Temperature was the most important factor affecting cyanobacterial abundance. The effect of phosphorus on cyanobacterial abundance was more notable in warm periods than in periods with low temperature.     

Repeated hydrogen peroxide dosing briefly reduces cyanobacterial blooms and microcystin while increasing fecal bacteria indicators in a eutrophic pond

This study explored the effects of H₂O₂ on Cyanobacteria and non-target microbes using fluorometry, microscopy, flow cytometry, and high throughput DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene during a series of mesocosm and whole-ecosystem experiments in a eutrophic pond in NY, USA. The addition of H₂O₂ (8 mg/L) significantly reduced Cyanobacteria concentrations during a majority of experiments (66%; 6 of 9) and significantly increased eukaryotic green and unicellular brown algae in 78% and 45% of experiments, respectively. While heterotrophic bacteria declined significantly following H₂O₂ addition in all experiments, bacteria indicative of potential fecal contamination (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, fecal coliform bacteria) consistently and significantly increased in response to H₂O₂, evidencing a form of ‘pollution swapping’. H₂O₂ more effectively reduced Cyanobacteria in enclosed mesocosms compared to whole-ecosystem applications. Ten whole-pond H₂O₂ applications over a two-year period temporarily reduced cyanobacterial levels but never reduced concentrations below bloom thresholds and populations always rebounded in two weeks or less. The bacterial phyla of Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Planctomycetes were the most negatively impacted by H₂O₂. Microcystis was always reduced by H₂O₂, as was the toxin microcystin, but Microcystis remained dominant even after repeated H₂O₂ treatments. Although H₂O₂ favored the growth of eukaryotic algae over potentially harmful Cyanobacteria, the inability of H₂O₂ to end cyanobacterial blooms in this eutrophic waterbody suggests it is a non-ideal mitigation approach in high biomass ecosystems and should be used judiciously due to potential negative impacts on non-target organisms and promotion of bacteria indicative of fecal contamination.     

Sensitivity of green and blue-green algae to methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) during a fifteen-day test

The test was designed to assess the toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) to Chlorella ellipsoidea and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae during 15 d with concentrations of MTBE from high (2.00×104 mg/L) to low (2 mg/L). The results showed that the toxicity was low when the concentration of MTBE was 1.00×104-2.00×104 mg/L (the greatest inhibition of growth-rate was 70%-71%, occurring on day 1-5). Low concentrations (2-500 mg/L) stimulated algal growth up to the greatest effect of 85%-200% when the concentration of MTBE was 50-100 mg/L on day 3-5. The low concentrations may lead to an algal bloom owing to overabundance, which represents an aquatic ecological risk. However, the stimulatory effect occurred only during the day 1-5 and disappeared gradually during the day 13-15. The toxicity of MTBE (72-120 h EC50) is 6.65×103-9.58×103 mg/L for C. ellipsoidea and that is 1.14×104-2.00×104 mg/L for A. spiroides. We found that the toxicity and ecological risk of MTBE for the algal community structure were low. The toxicity was influenced by the duration of the test. We suggest that the duration of the test should not be shorter than half a life-cycle.     

孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在模拟水体中的垂直分布与浮力规律研究

采用大型室内湖泊模拟装置对孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在富营养化湖泊中的垂直分布与迁移特征进行了模拟,并通过10 L玻璃瓶实验对孟氏浮游蓝丝藻浮力对光的响应进行了分析.湖泊模拟实验结果表明,光照后,表层孟氏浮游蓝丝藻开始向下层迁移,光照8h后,藻丝在深2～3m左右水层形成稳定聚集层;藻丝容易集聚层在光照度为10μmol·(m2·s)-1左右水层,处于该水层上部的藻丝漂浮百分率<50%趋向于沉降,处于该水层下部的藻丝漂浮百分率>50%趋向于漂浮;无光照后,藻丝开始往水体表层聚集,无光照12h后,约20%的藻丝聚集在水体表层,无光照48h后,约50%的藻丝聚集在水体表层;说明浮游蓝丝藻白天主要分布在水体2～3m处,在早晨或连续的阴天后,可能在水体表层形成水华.10 L玻璃瓶实验结果表明,强光照[100μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝漂浮百分率在30%-70%间变化,弱光照[25μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝漂浮百分率在30%-50%间变化,说明强光照[100μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝具有明显的沉降与漂浮特征.1昼夜内,藻细胞蛋白质和伪空胞的变化不明显,糖含量在14%-35%间变化,藻丝的浮力对光照的响应可能通过藻细胞的糖含量变化实现.     

鄱阳湖蓝藻分布及其影响因素分析

利用鄱阳湖的原位监测数据,分析鄱阳湖水华蓝藻的分布现状及其影响因素,探索鄱阳湖水华蓝藻的源头.研究结果表明,鄱阳湖浮游植物的优势种为硅藻,蓝藻为鄱阳湖的次级优势种,蓝藻在浮游植物总生物量的比例有逐年增加的趋势.水华蓝藻的主要优势种为鱼腥藻,其次为微囊藻和浮游蓝丝藻. 鄱阳湖蓝藻水华形成初期的基本规律为水华蓝藻在营养盐浓度相对较高且水流较缓的内湾及尾闾区生长分布,在夏秋季水位较高时在水流和风的作用下向主航道输移聚集. 结合鄱阳湖水文特点,主航道的水华蓝藻聚集有可能是上游四个湖区的蓝藻向下游漂移综合作用的结果.研究成果可为控制鄱阳蓝藻水华区域风险灾害提供基础数据.     

基于ELCOM-CAEDYM模型的太湖蓝藻水华早期预测探讨

结合太湖蓝藻水华形成的"四阶段理论", 基于澳大利亚西澳大学水研究中心开发的ELCOM-CAEDYM耦合模型框架构建了太湖水华蓝藻生态动力学模型,对蓝藻水华的形成进行模拟,分析了太湖蓝藻水华早期预测的可行性.结果表明:该模型在较长时间尺度上对春季复苏阶段及生长上浮阶段蓝藻水华的形成模拟效果较好,蓝藻生物量模拟值与站点调查值的误差变化范围在1.0%~70.4%,平均误差为28.0%,与MODIS卫星反演值的误差变化范围在3.8%~83.9%,平均误差40.5%;但越冬阶段蓝藻生物量模拟输出值与站点调查值的误差变化范围在3.0%~143.6%,平均误差为40.1%,与MODIS卫星反演值的误差变化范围在9.7%~118.4%,平均误差为48.8%,表明模型对蓝藻越冬过程模拟能力还不强,应在蓝藻越冬机制模拟计算方面进一步改进,以满足蓝藻水华早期预测的需要.     

重金属离子胁迫对赤潮微藻的急性毒性

重金属污染和赤潮都是较为突出的海洋环境问题,为给相关研究提供基础试验数据,在实验室条件下研究了Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对米氏凯伦藻和微小原甲藻的急性毒性效应. 通过2种藻的EC₅₀(半数抑制浓度)比较了其敏感性差异,分析了不同浓度重金属胁迫对微藻的影响;同时,利用TEM (transmission electronic microscopy,透射电镜技术)和FCM (flow cytometry,流式细胞术)研究了重金属Cu2+的急性毒性胁迫在亚细胞水平上对米氏凯伦藻的损伤. 其中,Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对微小原甲藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为0.514和0.276 mg/L、0.835和1.215 mg/L及4.376和7.976 mg/L;对米氏凯伦藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为1.881和1.881 mg/L、5.405和6.268 mg/L及13.134 和18.732 mg/L. 结果表明:2种微藻的种群相对增长率随着胁迫浓度的增加而下降,3种重金属离子的毒性表现出Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+的趋势,微小原甲藻对重金属胁迫更敏感;Cu2+胁迫可使米氏凯伦藻细胞体积增大,内容物复杂程度增高,但叶绿素a的MFI(mean fluorescence intensity,平均荧光强度)的变化不明显;Cu2+胁迫对藻膜结构的损伤较明显,但对线粒体及叶绿体的结构影响不明显.      

武汉月湖水体主要元素与浮游植物的PCA与CCA分析

通过2007年1—12月对武汉月湖不同的取样点进行监测,并选择汉江琴台段水域作为研究对照,调查了月湖水体硅藻、蓝藻与水体主要元素的种类,采用PCA、CCA分析法探讨了月湖水体硅藻、蓝藻与水体元素种类的关系。结果表明：月湖水体中所含元素全年监测出28种;汉江琴台段水域中所含元素全年监测出27种。经PCA分析表明,月湖水体中累计贡献率较大为磷（P）、砷（As）、铁（Fe）、铜（Cu）、锰（Mn）;汉江琴台段水域累计贡献率较大为硅（Si）、锑（Sb）、镉（cd）、钒（V）、钡（Ba）、Ag（银）、钼（Mo）。月湖水体中蓝藻密度大于硅藻,汉江琴台段水域硅藻密度大于蓝藻。经CCA分析表明,月湖硅藻密度与硒（Se）、锶（sr）、银（Ag）、Ba、铝（A1）呈正相关关系;月湖蓝藻密度与P、Cu、铬（Cr）呈正相关关系,月湖蓝藻密度与镁（Mg）、镍（Ni）、钙（ca）、锌（zn）、硫（S）呈负相关关系。CCA分析中,汉江琴台段硅藻密度与铅（Pb）、硼（B）、As、Cr、Zn、A1、Cu、Mn、Fe、P呈负相关关系,汉江琴台段硅藻密度与Mo、ca、钴（Co）、V、Sr、Ag呈正相关关系;汉江琴台段蓝藻密度与钠（Na）、S、Mg、Ni、钾（K）呈负相关关系。月湖水体缺乏可溶硅（dissolvedsilicon,DSi）,硅藻会提升对其他元素（Se、Sr、Ag、Ba、A1）的吸收能力,这些元素会起到缺乏元素（si）近似的作用,替代性可能出现。水中各种元素的组态是导致月湖浮游植物群落发生演变的重要原因之一。