Combating dye pollution using cocoa pod husks: a sustainable approach

The adsorptive potential of activated carbon prepared by chemical activation of Cocoa pod husk (CPHAA) to remove Congo red (CR) dye from its aqueous solution was investigated in this study. CPHAA was characterised using Energy Dispersive X-Ray, Scanning Electron Micrograph and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy techniques. The effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, pH and solution temperature were studied. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The equilibrium data were best represented by Langmuir isotherm model, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 43.67 mg/g. The kinetic data were fitted to Pseudo-first-order, Pseudo-second-order, Elovich and Intraparticle diffusion models; the pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best correlation. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (ΔH^o), standard entropy (ΔS^o) and standard free energy (ΔG^o) were evaluated. The thermodynamic study showed that the process is endothermic, spontaneous and feasible. The mean free energy of adsorption shows that the mechanism is by physisorption. CPHAA was found to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of CR dye from aqueous solution.     

Variation of salts and available nutrients in salt-affected soil during leaching process under the influence of organic ameliorators

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the potential influence of three organic ameliorators (peat, biochar and leonardite) on salts and nutrients in salt-affected soils during intermittent leaching. Results showed that nearly 90% of salt was removed from columns in the leaching process and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the soil after leaching was reduced by 67.3% (control, CK), 62.9% (peat), 70.1% (biochar) and 55.0% (leonardite). Total N loss declined by 26.2% (peat), 11.7% (biochar) and 55.5% (leonardite) compared with CK in the process of leaching. The maintaining N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^?) of soil after leaching was 8.25, 7.31, 11.31 and 14.48?mg/kg for CK, peat, biochar and leonardite treatments. Final P loss was 0.47, 0.31, 0.54, 0.27?mg/column in leaching for CK, peat, biochar and leonardite treatments. Soluble P of soil after leaching was measured as 6.95 (CK), 5.62 (peat), 8.52 (biochar) and 3.33 (leonardite) mg/kg. Leaching could remove the salt effectively but with nutrient loss in the process. The findings of this study suggest that organic ameliorators (biochar, peat or leonardite) play an important role in retaining nutrients during leaching as well as supplying nutrients after leaching to offer practical assistance for the amendment of salt-affected soil in the Yellow River Delta.     

改性生物炭对Sb（Ⅲ）的吸附行为及机理

采用氯化铝和高锰酸钾对生物炭进行改性,研究生物炭表面Sb（Ⅲ）的吸附规律及吸附机理。实验结果表明,在固液比为2.5 g/L、pH为4、吸附温度为25 ℃、吸附时间为240 min、溶液初始质量浓度为10.0 mg/L时,BC、Al-BC和KMnO₄-BC对Sb（Ⅲ）的平衡吸附量分别为1.13,2.12,2.98 mg/g。KMnO₄-BC和Al-BC的吸附机理不同,KMnO₄-BC等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir等温模型,吸附动力学过程遵循拟二级动力学方程;Freundlich模型和拟一级动力学方程更适合描述Al-BC对Sb（Ⅲ）的吸附。3种生物炭的吸附过程都以物理吸附为主,同时有化学吸附的参与。BET比表面积与FTIR分析结果表明,Al-BC吸附量大主要得益于比表面积及孔体积的增大。     

生物质炭对土霉素胁迫下小白菜种子萌发的影响

采用土培模拟污染实验,将甘蔗渣炭、菠萝渣炭和木薯渣炭分别以0%、0.1%、0.5%和1.0%的炭土比添加到砖红壤中,研究土霉素胁迫下小白菜种子萌发效应。结果表明:(1)生物质炭促进种子萌发;土霉素在0~300 mg·kg~(-1)胁迫下种子发芽率未受明显影响,300~500 mg·kg~(-1)时受轻微抑制。(2)土霉素为0~100 mg·kg~(-1)时对种子根及芽伸长呈促进作用,促进率最高达33.05%。100~500 mg·kg~(-1)呈抑制效应,最大抑制率63.98%;种子对土霉素的敏感顺序依次为:根伸长>芽伸长>发芽率。(3)在土霉素胁迫下炭土比与种子根伸长呈显著正相关。3种生物质炭对小白菜种子根及芽伸长的促进效果呈:木薯渣炭>菠萝渣炭>甘蔗渣炭。(4)生物质炭和低浓度土霉素共同促进小白菜萌发,对高浓度土霉素毒性有缓解作用。     

水稻秸秆生物炭-过硫酸盐去除水中p-硝基酚

以水稻秸秆为原料制备了多种生物炭,运用BET和FTIR等技术对其进行了表征,研究了生物炭-过硫酸盐体系对水中p-硝基酚的去除效果。与热解温度和时间相比,供氧量对生物炭活化过硫酸盐性能的影响更为显著,足氧条件下的活化性能显著降低;500℃缺氧条件下热解1 h制备的生物炭(RS500-1)对过硫酸盐具有良好的活化性能,可以实现p-硝基酚的高效去除,生物炭与过硫酸盐之间存在显著的协同作用。初始溶液pH和反应温度对p-硝基酚的去除效果影响很小;在RS500-1投加量1.0 g/L、过硫酸盐投加量5 mmol/L、反应温度25℃、不调节初始溶液pH的优化条件下,240 min时p-硝基酚的去除率可达70%以上。     

改性荞麦壳对水溶液中Cu~(2+)离子吸附效果及机理

以柠檬酸对荞麦壳进行化学改性,改性后荞麦壳吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附量增加。研究了不同pH、吸附剂投入量、浓度和时间对吸附效果的影响。在pH值为5.5,Cu2+初始浓度50 mg/L,吸附剂投入量为1 g,吸附时间为120 min的条件下,Cu2+的吸附量达到较大值。通过用改性荞麦壳吸附剂对Cu2+的热力学吸附过程的分析,结果表明,改性荞麦壳吸附剂符合Langmuir吸附等温模式,改性荞麦壳吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附存在化学吸附,改性荞麦壳的最大吸附量可以达2.26 mg/g。研究改性荞麦壳吸附剂吸附Cu2+的动力学特性,吸附动力学行为可用准二级速率方程进行很好的描述,准二级吸附速率常数随温度升高而增大。准一级速率方程和颗粒扩散模型可以较好地描述吸附初始阶段,Cu2+浓度较高,颗粒内扩散;吸附后期,Cu2+浓度较低,受到颗粒外扩散的控制。总之,整个吸附过程可能是多种动力学机理共同作用的结果。     

稻壳混煤燃烧对NOx 排放的影响

利用循环流化床试验平台分析稻壳混煤燃烧对NOx 排放的影响。结果表明,贫煤混合稻壳后燃烧,当燃烧温度恒定时,NOx的排放量随着燃料中稻壳所占比重增加而降低;当燃料中稻壳所占比重恒定时,NOx的排放量随着燃烧温度的升高而增加。     

椰糠填料用于人工湿地处理制胶废水

以椰糠作为湿地工作层主要填料,采用复合垂直流人工湿地处理海南天然橡胶加工业低浓度废水。结果表明,在144 mm/d水力负荷条件下,椰糠填料人工湿地对废水中的COD、BOD5、NH3-H及TP的去除率分别达到68.99%、66.49%、59.55%和75.22%,显著高于无椰糠对照组。当水力负荷提高至216 mm/d,系统运行稳定,出水水质仍能达到污水排放标准(GB 8978-1996)和《农业灌溉水质标准》(GB5084-92)。     

Rice husk ash as an effective adsorbent: evaluation of adsorptive characteristics for Indigo Carmine dye

Present study explored the adsorptive characteristics of Indigo Carmine (IC) dye from aqueous solution onto rice husk ash (RHA). Batch experiments were carried out to determine the influence of parameters like initial pH (pH(0)), contact time (t), adsorbent dose (m) and initial concentration (C(0)) on the removal of IC. The optimum conditions were found to be: pH(0)=5.4, t=8h and m=10.0 g/l. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model represented the adsorption kinetics of IC on to RHA. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson models using a non-linear regression technique. Adsorption of IC on RHA was favorably influenced by an increase in the temperature of the operation. The positive values of the change in entropy (DeltaS(0)) and heat of adsorption (DeltaH(0)); and the negative value of change in Gibbs free energy (DeltaG(0)) indicate feasible and spontaneous adsorption of IC on to RHA.     

生物质炭覆盖对太湖沉积物-水界面氮磷迁移与转化的影响

沉积物内源释放极易造成浅水富营养化湖泊的二次污染问题.选取3种生物质炭(果壳生物炭、藻泥生物炭、污泥生物炭)对太湖沉积物进行覆盖模拟实验,利用营养通量模型计算沉积物-水界面的氮磷释放通量,探讨不同生物质炭对沉积物内源释放与菌群演替的影响.结果表明,果壳炭对沉积物TN和NH₄⁺-N平均释放通量削减百分比最高,分别为56.8%±0.1%和71.7%±0.1%;藻泥炭对沉积物NO₃^--N平均释放通量的削减百分比最高,为83.6%±0.6%;污泥炭则对沉积物的TN、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N平均释放通量均有显著削减,且TP平均释放通量比果壳炭和藻泥炭分别减少50.4%±0.1%和8.0%±0.3%.同时,覆盖污泥炭的沉积物中微生物α多样性最高,且参与硝化反硝化和有机物降解的微生物Bacteroidetes和Chloroflexi丰度比对照组分别增加23.2%和20.5%.综上所述,污泥炭具有良好的富营养化湖泊沉积物修复潜...