CTMAB-膨润土去除水中有机物的性能及机理

用溴化十六烷基三甲铵（CTMAB）改性膨润土,研究了CTMAB膨润土去除水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、硝基苯、苯胺、苯酚、对硝基苯酚的性能、机理及影响因素。结果表明,CTMAB-膨润土去除水中有机物的能力远大于原土;CTMAB-膨润土对苯、甲苯、乙苯的等温吸附曲线呈线性;对水中苯酚、对硝基苯酚的等温吸附曲线呈非线性;对苯胺、硝基苯的等温吸附曲线基本呈线性。CTMAB-膨润土吸附水中有机物的性能及机理与有机物的水溶性或辛醇－水分配系数有关。     

不同阳离子对Fe~0还原硝酸盐的影响

由于水中硝酸盐污染的普遍性、难去除性和对人体健康的潜在危害性而引起人们的广泛关注。通过批实验,考察了不同阳离子(Fe2+、Fe3+和Cu2+)对Fe0还原硝酸盐的影响。结果表明,由于加入阳离子可直接或间接地增加溶液中的Fe2+而都能促进硝酸盐的还原,作用顺序为Fe3+Fe2+Cu2+;Fe2+对硝酸盐的还原具有重要作用,并随着反应的进行,转化为铁氧化物附着在铁表面而降低铁的活性;硝酸盐还原的主要产物为氨氮,亚硝酸盐只在反应初期有少量积累,尤其是加Cu2+的体系中,但随后都很快降低;在所有体系中,检测到的三氮(NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N)之和只占理论总氮的51.5%~82.6%;动力学分析表明,硝酸盐的还原在不加阳离子的体系中更符合一级反应,而加了阳离子的处理更符合Lo-gistic模型。本研究结果阐明了Fe2+对Fe0还原硝酸盐的重要性。     

Fenuron sorption on homoionic natural and modified smectites

Abstract

The adsorption isotherms of fenuron (l, l‐dimethyl‐3‐phenylurea) on three smectites (SWy and SAz montmorillonites and SH hectorite) differing in their layer charge (SH<SWy<SAz) and saturated with several inorganic and organic cations were determined. The isotherms and sorption parameters from Freundlich equation indicate low adsorptivity on inorganic clays, but medium sorption in organoclays (OCls). Fenuron adsorption on homoionic smectites increases with decreasing layer charge and hydratation power of the inorganic exchangeable cation (except Fe³⁺), indicating that fenuron adsorbs as neutral molecule on uncharged siloxane surface by hydrophobic bonding, with some contribution of polar bond (fenuron C=O group and water associated to exchangeable cation). In the case of Fe³⁺‐saturated smectite fenuron protonation, provided by the interlayer acidic environment, promotes further sorption of fenuron as cationic form. The sorption on organoclays is enhanced via hydrophobic interaction with organocations, which is favoured for high layer charge and basal spacing and organocation saturation close to CEC. Quaternary alkylamonium is more efficient in high layer charge smectite, whereas primary alkylammonium is more efficient in medium charge smectite. The low values of the maximum sorption obtained with homoionic inorganic and organic smectites (100 and 5000 μmol/Kg) represent one fenuron molecule for each 2000–200 exchange sites and indicate that fenuron sorption is mainly associated to the outer exchange sites. This low adsorptivity of fenuron, as consequence of its high water affinity (high water solubility) would suggest high mobility of fenuron in natural soil and water systems.     

超声波树脂联用法提取活性污泥中的胞外聚合物

考察了超声波树脂联用法提取活性污泥中胞外聚合物的影响因素,确定了最佳提取条件.试验结果表明,树脂量为60 g/g VSS,在摇床振摇强度250 r/min下处理4 h,再进行超声处理2 min,EPS提取量接近理论含量,即污泥干重的15%,与阳离子树脂法相比,EPS提取物中DNA的百分含量较低,即对细胞的破坏程度更小,说明超声波树脂联用法稳定、高效,是一种较佳的提取方法.     

微波增强有机膨润土合成-废水处理一体化吸附染料的效率与机理

提出了利用微波增强有机膨润土合成-废水处理一体化技术吸附处理染料的方法.探讨了微波增强一体化技术吸附处理中性红的适宜条件、饱和吸附量、吸附反应动力学和作用机理.结果表明,影响吸附处理效果因素的主次顺序为表面活性剂用量、土量和处理时间,微波增强一体化吸附处理中性红的适宜条件为土/水=1/1 000(质量比),CPC浓度120 mg/L(相当于原土的阳离子交换容量28%),微波处理时间60s.与传统的有机膨润土吸附处理方法相比,微波增强一体化技术处理较高浓度染料废水的效果较好,饱和吸附量提高,表面活性剂用量大幅减少,吸附处理染料的速度大幅增加.     

除铬优势菌胞外聚合物的提取过程优化

采用阳离子交换树脂法对除铬(Ⅵ)优势菌(Brevibacillussp.)株的胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取过程进行优化,以得到EPS的最佳提取条件。综合考察树脂量、振摇频率、提取时间3个主要因素对优势菌胞外聚合物的影响。结合阳离子交换树脂对EPS的交换吸附机理,对3个提取条件下,EPS及其成分的提取量的变化趋势进行分析。结果表明,菌株经28℃、150 r/min、24 h培养后,确定阳离子交换树脂法提取优势菌EPS的最佳条件为树脂量30 g,振摇频率140 r/min,提取时间9 h,此条件下的EPS提取量为40.84μg/mL。     

阳离子强度和阳离子类型对诺氟沙星土壤吸附的影响

以OECD Guideline 106为基础,采用批平衡方法研究不同Ca²⁺离子强度（0.01、0.03、0.05、0.08和0.10 mol/L的CaCl₂溶液）和不同阳离子（0.01 mol/L的NaCl、KCl、NH₄Cl、MgCl₂、CaCl₂、ZnCl₂和AlCl₃溶液）对诺氟沙星在4种土壤（潮土、黄棕壤、水稻土和红壤）中的吸附-解吸影响.结果表明,随着溶液中Ca²⁺离子浓度的增加,诺氟沙星在土壤中的吸附参数K_f值逐渐减小并趋于稳定,两者间存在显著负相关（p≤0.05）.同时,Ca²⁺离子浓度的增加对低浓度诺氟沙星溶液的吸附影响相对高浓度而言不明显. 低pH下,诺氟沙星主要以阳离子形态存在,吸附以阳离子吸附或氢键为主;在兼性离子状态时,则主要以静电吸附和偶极力为主.这是造成4种土壤中诺氟沙星吸附差异的根本原因.在不同离子强度下,土壤溶液中二价Ca²⁺离子存在则对诺氟沙星的活性吸附位点造成竞争性吸附,从而降低诺氟沙星的土壤吸附量.同时,不同阳离子导致诺氟沙星的土壤吸附存在差异.其影响趋势主要为价态的影响,即价态越高,竞争吸附能力越强：M⁺（Na⁺、K⁺、NH^＋₄）2+（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Zn²⁺）3+（Al³⁺）.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.     

阳离子交换树脂微柱分离测定矿石中锆的研究

建立了HD-8阳离子交换树脂微色谱柱分离富集矿石中锆的方法。研究了上柱酸度、淋洗液、洗脱液、干扰离子等对锆的吸附性能的影响。结果表明,上柱最佳酸度0.5~2 mol/L HCl、淋洗液1 mol/L HCl、洗脱液1 mol/L H2SO4,锆的吸附与洗脱效果最好。选用邻氯苯基荧光酮为显色剂,直接在硫酸介质中显色,胶束增溶光度法测定,操作简便,灵敏度高,选择性好。树脂的吸附容量为81.4 mg/g。与常规柱相比,微色谱柱吸附后,洗脱体积减少了16倍,柱效高,分离速度快,试剂用量少,灵敏度高。该方法可以用于实际矿石的分离测定,经标准值验证,测定值与标准值相近,多次平行测定后,方法的相对标准偏差为1.9%~2.7%,说明此法可用于分析实际样品。     

有机膨润土负载纳米零价铁去除废水中的四氯乙烯研究

用具有良好吸附能力的有机膨润土作载体,通过FeSO4与NaBH4反应制得有机膨润土负载纳米零价铁(NZVI/CTMA-Bent).用XRD、TEM对NZVI/CTMA-Bent进行了表征,并将NZVI/CTMA-Bent用于四氯乙烯(PCE)的去除,考察了介质pH值、PCE初始质量浓度对其去除率的影响,并与相同铁含量的纳米零价铁(NZVI)进行了比较,测定反应中Cl-浓度的变化,采用GC/MS方法对反应产物进行了分析.结果表明:以有机膨润土作载体,可有效阻止NZVI的团聚,且对介质pH值有一定的缓冲作用;NZVI/CTMA-Bent与PCE反应120 min后,去除率接近100％,既高于相同铁含量的NZVI对PCE的去除率(54.8％),也优于NZVI和有机膨润土对PCE去除率的加和(86.5％);NZVI/CTMA-Bent与PCE反应几乎完全转变成乙烯.动力学研究表明,NZVI/CTMA-Bent、NZVI对PCE的反应均符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程,且反应速率与其对PCE的吸附性能呈正相关.