基于“双循环”系统的钢桥梁施工项目安全问题分析

为提升钢桥梁施工项目安全管理水平,本文采用人员访谈、问卷调研及逻辑分析的方法,对钢桥梁施工项目关键问题进行界定,并建立施工项目关键问题的双循环系统;在此基础上,从施工项目内循环、外循环方面对项目主体系统提出组合干预策略。研究表明:施工项目主体系统主要受内外双循环系统的要素作用,其中内循环分别为生产系统、技术系统、配置系统、安监系统,具有相互作用机制,外循环系统通过系统管理合作面、服务监督面、沟通协调面3个工作面作用,相互之间具有17个作用要素。     

Effect of wetland plant fermentation broth on nitrogen removal and bioenergy generation in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells

● Fermentation broth facilitates N removal and energy yields in tertiary CW-MFC. ● Carbon sources are preferred for nitrogen removal over electricity generation. ● A mutual promotion relationship exists between acetic and humic acid in N removal. ● Humic acid boosts the abundances of functional genes relate to nitrogen metabolism. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are widely used as a tertiary treatment technology, and the addition of carbon sources can significantly improve advanced nitrogen removal. However, excessive carbon sources would lead to an increase in the effluent chemical oxygen demand in CWs, and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can convert these into electricity. In this study, constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) were built to achieve simultaneous nitrogen removal and electricity generation, using wetland plant litter fermentation broths as carbon sources. The total nitrogen removal in the groups with fermentation broth addition (FGs) reached 83.33%, which was 19.64% higher than that in the CG (group without fermentation broth), and the mean voltages in the FGs were at least 2.6 times higher than that of the CG. Furthermore, two main components of the fermentation broths, acetic acid (Ac) and humic acid (HA), were identified using a three-dimensional excitation emission matrix and gas chromatograph and added to CW-MFCs to explore the influence mechanism on the treatment performance. Denitrification and electrogenesis presented the same tendency: Ac&HA > Ac > CG’ (groups without Ac and HA). These results indicate that Ac and HA increased the abundance of functional genes associated with nitrogen metabolism and electron transfer. This study demonstrated that CW-MFC fermentation broth addition can be a potential strategy for the disposal of secondary effluent and bioelectricity generation.     

藻密度手工监测实验室间比对研究

为研究不同实验室藻密度监测数据的可靠性,现场采集了藻密度样品,处理为现场平行样和实验室前处理后平行样2种,分别由5家实验室的6名技术人员开展检测分析。参考相关技术规范要求,结合其他领域相似工作的成功应用案例,采用Z比分数法对分析结果开展藻密度实验室间比对。结果表明,数据的相对偏差均符合技术规范要求;对藻密度进行数据直接比对和对数转换后比对,各实验室对现场平行样和实验室前处理后平行样的检测结果均为合格;分析方法原理导致藻密度手工监测的绝对数值偏差较大,对当前的太湖水华预警工作适用性不高。     

水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠毒理效应研究进展

蓝藻暴发引发的水华造成了严重的生态灾难和健康危害,蓝藻水华污染因其已成为全球性的环境问题而受到关注。蓝藻产生的藻毒素具有潜在致癌作用,与多种消化道肿瘤的发病率升高相关,其毒理学效应及其健康危害性更是学术界研究和关注的热点。水华蓝藻细胞提取物较之纯藻毒素的毒理学效应有很大不同,研究水华蓝藻细胞提取物对哺乳动物的毒理学效应能为蓝藻水华的健康风险评估提供一定的理论依据。水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠产生的毒理学效应,如脏器细胞凋亡和对各脏器抗氧化酶防御系统的损害;水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠遗传毒性和促癌或致癌作用研究是目前研究的热点和难点问题。     

New concepts in product use for sustainable consumption

The paper presents the main results of a recent study on sustainable use of products. It reveals that strategies of use intensification and useful life extension are environmentally beneficial. Moreover, analysis of household washing and winter sports illustrated that successful implementation of sustainable use patterns occurs as a shift of use regimes. Such regimes are the result of a complex interplay of supply and demand side factors, relationship among actors, technical trajectories, organisational structures etc. One decisive factor is the presence of strategic players, so called “change agents”. In addition, four user types have been identified in a representative survey (“ownership-oriented”, “open-minded”, “consumption-oriented”, “low interest”) to which use intensification and useful life extension can be targeted.     

地表环境氮循环过程中微生物作用及同位素分馏研究综述

综述了氮循环过程中的微生物作用及其研究进展 ,阐述了生物固氮、微生物吸收同化、有机氮素矿化、硝化和反硝化的反应机理及反应过程中的同位素分馏 ,提出了微生物驱动氮循环的简要模型。微生物驱动的氮循环中不同过程有不同的同位素分馏特征 ,生物固氮、土壤有机氮矿化过程中分馏效应小 ,而吸收同化、硝化和反硝化过程中同位素分馏较大 ,利用各个过程不同的同位素分馏特征可示踪含氮物质的来源、转化和迁移等。     

Transgenic Spartina alterniflora for phytoremediation

Perennial monoculture forming grasses are very important natural remediators of pollutants. Their genetic improvement is an important task because introduction of key transgenes can dramatically improve their remediation potential. Transfer of key genes for mercury phytoremediation into the salt marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is reported here. S. alterniflora plays an important role in the salt marsh by cycling of␣elements, both nutrients and pollutants, protects the coastline from erosion, is a keystone species in the␣salt marsh supporting a large food web, which in turn supports a significant segment of economy, including tourism, has an impact on cloud formation and consequently on global weather, and is thus an ecologically important species relevant for our life-support systems. Embryogenic callus of S. alterniflora was co-inoculated with a pair of Agrobacterium strains LBA4404 carrying the organomercurial lyase (merB) and mercuric reductase (merA) genes, respectively, in order to co-introduce both the merA and the merB genes. Seven stable geneticin resistant lines were recovered. The presence of merA and merB genes was verified by PCR and Southern blotting. All but one transgenic lines contained both the merA and the merB sequences proving that co-introduction into Spartina of two genes from separate Agrobacterium strains is feasible and frequent, although the overall frequency of transformation is low. Northern blotting showed differences in relative expression of the two transgenes among individual transformants. The steady-state RNA levels appeared to correlate with the phenotype. Line #7 showed the highest resistance to HgCl₂ (up to 500 μM), whereas line #3 was the most resistant to phenylmercuric acetate (PMA). Wild-type (WT) callus is sensitive to PMA at 50 μM and to HgCl₂ at 225 μM.     

Water localisation and reclamation: steps towards low impact urban design and development

Numerous drivers are providing stimulus for increased water cycle localisation within urban neighbourhoods. This paper uses predominantly Australasian case studies to highlight trends, successes and challenges in the transition to neighbourhood centred water-based services using 'Low Impact' and 'Water Sensitive' design and development techniques. Major steps towards urban sustainability are demonstrated, for example, up to 70% reduction in the demand for potable water (Aurora, Melbourne), removal of contaminated stormwater and sewage effluent discharge to natural waterways vulnerable to nutrient or toxin accumulation, and up to 55% of the area of the greenfield site planted in indigenous species (Regis Park, New Zealand). Reduced demand for potable water would enable continued undiluted use of 'pure' water sources from limited bush catchments (Waitakere Ranges, New Zealand), and less dependence on rivers stressed by low flows. Reductions and dispersion of sewage effluent discharges protects receiving waters, such as Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, from eutrophication. Reduced stormwater discharge favours retention of the natural hydrological regime of rivers and minimises bioaccumulation of toxins in aquatic ecosystems.     

环境标志产品评价方法标准化研究

本文概述了环境标志产品生命周期评价的技术框架，并提出了定性，半定量生态周期评价以及简化生命周期评价的三种不同方法。     

Effects of parabens on apoptosis induced by serum-free medium

Alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acids (parabens), an endocrine disrupter, are used as preservatives in cosmetics and foods. In this study, to understand the relationship between parabens and differentiation in infants, the effects of parabens on apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in PC12 cells were investigated. In addition, apoptosis-related factors were assayed. As results, a tendency toward enhancement of apoptosis was observed in the cells cultured in the serum-free medium with methylparaben, and this tendency was suggested to be related to the contents of BAD, a pro-apoptotic protein. Butylparaben did not show any tendency to enhance apoptosis.