夏季珠江三角洲地区PM2.5化学组分特征及其对大气能见度的影响

于2010年夏季在珠三角主要城市广州、佛山、东莞、深圳、珠海以及广州郊区从化同步采集PM2.5样品,利用热光反射碳分析仪和离子色谱分别分析样品中有机碳/元素碳和水溶性离子浓度,并同步收集能见度和气象数据.在此基础上对珠三角主要城市大气PM2.5中主要化学成分的浓度水平和空间分布特征进行分析,并利用IMPROVE方程重建大气消光系数,探讨PM2.5的主要化学组分对大气能见度的影响.结果发现,观测期间珠三角地区PM2.5中的主要化学成分空间分布特征明显,广州、佛山和东莞浓度较高,珠海和深圳浓度较低.(NH4)2SO4、有机物(OM)、EC和NH4NO3对夏季珠三角大气消光系数贡献率分别为39%、31%、12%和13%.     

DME简化反应模型及其在HCCI燃烧分析中的应用研究

提出了一个可应用于HCCI发动机工作过程研究的DME化学反应动力学简化模型,该模型由28种组分、38个基元反应组成,包括3个子模型,即低温反应和负温度系数区子模型、高温裂解和高温氧化子模型以及甲酸生成过程子模型.通过算例对比分析,该DME简化模型能正确揭示DME燃烧过程主要生成物组分的变化规律,能准确计算DME燃烧过程低温和高温阶段的放热特征时刻,其计算结果与详细机理计算结果吻合.相对于详细机理,简化模型节省了计算时间,为实现化学反应动力学与CFD多维模型耦合的燃烧计算提供了一个可行而有效的途径.     

热等离子体技术销毁日本遗弃化武红弹装填物研究

针对二战期间日本侵略军在我国遗弃的大量化学武器的危害性,进行了热等离子体技术销毁含砷毒剂的实验,旨在为评价日本遗弃化武的销毁技术选择提供技术支持.所采用的热等离子体处理固体废弃物的实验装置主要由等离子体发生器、等离子体旋转炉、二次燃烧炉、冷却器、文丘里喷淋塔和洗涤喷淋塔等设备组成.利用该装置对日本遗弃化武红弹和红简装填物二苯氰砷和二苯氯砷进行了销毁实验,并用GC-MS法对销毁产物进行分析.结果显示,经处理后未检测出二苯氯砷和二苯氰砷,根据分析方法的检出下限计算出的二苯氯砷和二苯氰砷的销毁去除率均高达99.999 9%.对熔渣进行砷的浸出毒性实验显示,浸出液中砷的质量浓度均低于0.03 mg/L,远低于我国固体废物砷的浸出毒性鉴别标准值1.5 mg/L.但是,等离子体炉在销毁含砷有机毒剂时,固砷效率很差,因此要发挥等离子体技术的优势,还必须加强固砷方法的研究.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属在浸出柱中的浸出规律

通过浸出柱实验,研究生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的动态浸出规律.结果表明,浸出液中各种重金属的质量浓度均随浸取剂与飞灰比值(L/S)增大而减小,并在L/S＞2后趋于稳定.除Pb外,浸出质量浓度均低于污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)限值.对比原灰与浸出残留物重金属多级提取结果表明,飞灰的重金属在浸出柱实验中释放能力由强到弱依次为:Cd、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr.受浸取剂pH值和固液接触方式影响,浸出柱重金属累计浸出量都小于国家标准(GB 5086.2-1997)浸出量(Cd除外),尤其Cr、Hg和Pb的浸出柱累计浸出量分别是国标浸出量的23.25%、1.29%和14.29%     

苯并(a)芘及其代谢产物的连续降解研究

在以驯化过的芽孢杆菌(BA-07)降解BaP的过程中,鉴定出2个BaP的未开环代谢产物顺式-4,5-二氢-4,5-二醇-BaP(cis-BP4,5-dihydrodiol)和顺式-7,8-二氢-7,8-二醇-BaP(cis-BP7,8-dihydrodiol).由于该产物对微生物有一定毒性,所以难于进一步降解.为提高BaP降解的同时,降低cis-BP4,5-dihydrodiol和cis-BP7,8-dihydrodiol的累积,对2种降解方法(即单纯用BA07降解和运用高锰酸钾与BA-07耦合的方法降解)进行了比较,并且优化了连续降解的参数.结果表明,①对BaP及其代谢产物的连续降解,化学氧化与微生物耦合(高锰酸钾与BA-07)的降解效果明显好于单纯利用微生物(细菌BA-07)的降解;②在同一时间取样,cis-BP4,5-dihydrodiol的残留率均高于cis-BP7,8-dihydrodiol;③当BaP的浓度为40μg/mL,培养基的最佳pH为7.0,以琥珀酸钠为共代谢底物,可以显著提高BaP降解率,降低cis-BP 4,5-dihydrodiol和cis-BP7,8-dihydrodiol的累积.同时提出了化学氧化与微生物协同的方法可以有效促进环境中持久有机污染物的连续降解.     

Free cupric ions in contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine in eastern Nanjing City, China

To determine the environmental free metal ion activity was a recent hot issue. A method to measure low-level free cupric ion activity in soil solution extracted with 0.01 mol/L KNO3 was developed by using cupric ion-selective electrode （ISE） and calibrating with Cu-buffer solution. Three copper buffers including iminodiacetic acid （IDA）, ethylenediamine （EN）, and glycine （Gly） were compared for calibrating the Cu-ISE curves in the range of free cupric ions （pCu^2＋） 7-13. The Cu-EN buffer showed the best electrode response and thus was applied as the calibration buffer. The pCu^2＋ of 39 contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine was measured, ranging from 5.03 to 9.20. Most Cu in the soil solutions was found to be complexed with dissolved soil organic matters, averaging 98.1%. The proportion of free Cu^2＋ ions in the soil solutions decreased with the increasing of solution pH. Soluble Cu and free Cu^2＋ ions concentrations were analyzed by multiple linear regressions to evaluate the effects of soil properties on metal levels and speciation. The results showed that soil solution pH was the most significant factor influencing pCu^2＋ （with R^2 value of 0.76）, while not important for the soluble Cu concentration.     

Distribution and mobility of metals in agricultural soils near a copper smelter in South China

The distribution and mobility of heavy metals in the paddy soils surrounding a copper smelting plant in south China was investigated. We assessed the degree of metal contamination using an index of geoaccumulation. The metals were divided into two groups: (1) Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, whose concentrations were heavily affected by anthropogenic inputs, and (2) Ni, Co and Cr, which were mainly of geochemical origin. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb in the polluted soils were higher than the Chinese soil quality criteria. The chemical partitioning patterns of Pb, Zn and Cu indicated that Pb was largely associated with the residual and NH₂OH HCl extractable fractions. In contrast, Cd was predominantly associated with the MgCl₂ extractable fraction. A large proportion of Cu was bound to the acidic H₂O₂ extractable fractions, while Zn was predominantly found in the residual phase. The fraction of mobile species, which potentially is the most harmful to the environment, was found to be elevated compared to unpolluted soils in which heavy metals are more strongly bound to the matrix. The mobility of the metals was studied by water extraction using a modification of Tessier’s procedure, and the order of mobility was Zn > Cd > Cu  > Pb.     

Chemical Partitioning to Foliage: The Contribution and Legacy of Davide Calamari

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.002 Background Davide Calamari and his colleagues were among the first to appreciate that vegetation could play a key role in determining the fate and effects of organic contaminants. They conducted pioneering experiments to investigate the uptake of contaminants by plants from the atmosphere and they sought to model the observed phenomena. In the nearly two decades since there has been a marked increase in understanding of these phenomena as a result of both experimental and modelling studies. - Goal. In this study we briefly review our current understanding of chemical partitioning between foliage and air. A model in both fugacity and concentration format is described, based on that of Tolls and McLachlan (1994), in which the leaf is treated as consisting of two layers, a waxy cuticle with an underlying 'reservoir' layer, the cuticle being surrounded by an air boundary layer and containing stomata that provide direct access from the air to the 'reservoir'. The model quantifies the dynamic penetration of a defined chemical into a defined leaf as a function of time. Main Features The model is applied for illustrative purposes to a hypothetical but typical leaf for a set of illustrative chemicals to demonstrate the effect of changes in physical-chemical properties and leaf characteristics. Discussion The results are compared qualitatively with a variety of field and laboratory studies of foliage uptake and clearance of chemicals. Conclusion It is concluded that the model yields results that are generally consistent with observations. It is suggested that with appropriate parameterisation and validation, the model can contribute to an improved understanding of the process of foliage uptake from the atmosphere and to the development of an improved predictive capability.     

村镇小型生活垃圾热处理炉底渣的理化特性

小型垃圾热处理设备可实现就地处置,节约运输成本,目前在中国山区、丘陵地带的村镇得到广泛应用.为了解村镇小型生活垃圾热处理炉底渣的理化特性及其影响因素,对中国云南、贵州、安徽村镇实际运行的小型生活垃圾热处理设备产生的底渣进行取样,分析其热灼减率、物理组成、化学组成、晶相组成、重金属含量和浸出特性,探讨处理工艺、地域及季节...     

危险废物稳定化/固化技术的现状与发展

本文对危险废物稳定化／固化处理技术的历史、现状以及今后的发展方向进行了较为系统的论述，对该技术在处理危险废物时所存在的问题进行了探讨，认为今后药剂稳定化技术在废物处置预处理领域将会占据重要的地位。