美国危险化学品管理中的公众知情权及对我国的启示

在风险社会背景下,环境治理的现代化需要多元共治,而要实现公众参与、发挥公众力量,首先要保障公众享有知情权。我国危险化学品专门立法中有关公众知情权的规定存在诸多问题：公众知情权的客体范围不明确,对政府信息公开义务的规定过于笼统,公众知情权的实现与救济途径不畅,政府未依法公开信息的法律责任不足。相较而言,美国在这一领域具有一定的探索经验。立足我国国情,本文参照域外美国《应急计划与公众知情权法案》,就公众知情权提出完善我国危险化学品专门立法的法制建议,以兹借鉴。     

零星危险化学品快递运输风险博弈分

针对零星危险化学品运输中的安全隐患问题,应用博弈理论构建了政府、快递企业、零星危险化学品托运人的三方博弈模型,对零星危险化学品安全运输问题进行了研究。在求得博弈模型均衡解的基础上,对均衡解进行了深入分析,研究结果表明:政府的最优检查概率与快递企业的安全管理成本正相关,与快递企业发生事故时的损失负相关;快递企业实施安全管理的概率与政府对快递企业的惩罚、快递企业发生事故时政府的损失正相关,与政府的检查成本、托运人选择托运且安全运输时的收益负相关;托运人选择托运的概率与快递企业实施安全管理的成本正相关。最后为有效杜绝零星危险化学品运输事故的发生提出了相应对策。     

利用POCIS技术监测城市地表水中全氟化合物

采用一种针对水体中全氟化合物的改进的极性有机化合物整合采样技术(POCIS)进行了不同水流速度下污染物的吸附动力学,以及水流速度对全氟化合物在该采样器上采样速率的影响研究.结果表明,在不同水流速度下7种全氟化合物在放置时间10d内呈线性关系.POCIS对全氟化合物的采样速率随着水流速度(0.085~0.0018m/s)的降低而减小,但是对个别物质如全氟十一酸的采样速率无明显影响.将所建立的POCIS采样方法应用于南京市地表水中,并与常规的主动监测方法进行比较,发现利用POCIS采样技术推算出的污染物时间权重浓度和两次主动采样测定浓度基本一致.     

基于潜在生命损失的危险化学品仓储区规划选址和安全布局方法研究

在现有基于风险的土地使用安全规划方法的基础上,通过引入潜在生命损失这一综合风险评价指标,建立了基于移动危险源潜在生命损失的危险化学品仓储区规划选址模型和基于固定危险源潜在生命损失的仓储区安全布局优化模型。在此基础上,提出了危险化学品仓储区规划选址和安全布局优化方法,并通过案例分析验证了该方法的适用性和可行性。采用该规划选址和安全布局优化方法可提高区域土地使用安全规划的效率,为进行城市重大危险源的规划选址和安全布局提供了新的思路。     

Determination of three endocrine disrupting chemicals,triclosan, 4-n-nonylphenol,and di-n-butyl phthalate using stir bar sorptive extraction in samples of different matrices

Three endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), triclosan (TCS), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were determined using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) along with high-performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array detection (HPLC/DAD). Benzyl butyl phthalate was used as an internal standard. The targeted analytes could be rapidly determined with limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 4.1 (DBP), 10 (TCS), to 34 (4-n-NP)?µg?L^?1 in real samples such as bottled waters, personal care products, soaps, lotions, and urine. The results show that the developed analytical scheme is solvent-saving, efficient, and capable of fast screening samples for these common EDCs.     

Indoor air pollution: A review∗

Relationships between toxicities of substituted aromatic hydrocarbons to Daphnia magna and to Fathead minnows or Photobacterium phosphoreum were studied based on structure‐activity equations we established. Good relationships between toxicities of chemicals to Daphnia magna and to Fathead minnows, Photobacterium phosphoreum were found for a wide range of chemicals. The toxicity data of fish can be predicted by the toxicity data of Daphnia magna or Photobacterium phosphoreum. It is probable that the toxicities of chemicals to the three organisms are similar.     

Databanks of data sources for environmental chemicals

There exist a vast variety of data sources, either manual sources or computerized databases in the field of environmental chemicals. To facilitate the access and to retrieve the information wanted efficiently, we built up two “databanks of data sources”, one called “Databank of Manual Sources (DMAS)” and the other named “Databank of Databases (DADB)”. The set‐up of these databanks is explained and the load status statistics are shown. DMAS has 164 and DADB 106 hits.     

Wastewater management for hazardous chemicals ‐ disposal of ammonium perchlorate wastes from propellant production for space vehicles

An attempt to depict the wastewater treatment system for the production of ammonium perchlorate, a component of solid propellant used in space vehicles, has been made. The waste‐water management system uses solar ponds and seawater dilution for the retention and disposal of the undesirable constituents of the wastewater. The details of the wastewater generation and its treatment are highlighted in this paper.     

3种克藻物质对蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidose）的组合抑制效应

通过世界经合组织推荐的藻类生长抑制实验方法,对气相色谱一质谱联机鉴定出的3种克藻物质进行对蛋白核小球藻的克藻效应的组合实验,得出棕榈酸＋琥珀酸、棕榈酸＋琥珀酸＋乙酸丁酯,这两种组合对蛋白核小球藻的克藻效应为协同作用;棕榈酸＋乙酸丁酯、琥珀酸＋乙酸丁酯组合出现拮抗作用。光学显微镜照片显示,克藻物质组合作用后,蛋白核小球藻...     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)替代品对中国白羽鹌鹑的生态毒性

为研究全氟辛烷磺酸盐(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)替代品对环境生物的毒害效应,选用中国白羽鹌鹑作为受试生物,建立其环境危害评价毒性测试方法,并对PFOS替代化学品进行了急性经口、急性饲喂及繁殖毒性的风险评价。结果表明,全氟丁基有机铵盐阳离子表面活性剂急性经口毒性实验的LD50为500.44mg·kg-1,其余3种替代化学品在上限浓度2000mg·kg-1,白羽鹌鹑均未出现明显死亡,4种PFOS替代品对中国白羽鹌鹑的急性经口毒性均为低毒。全氟丁基有机铵盐阳离子表面活性剂急性饲喂毒性实验的LC50为970.50mg.kg-1,对白羽鹌鹑的饲喂毒性为中毒,而其余3种替代化学品在上限浓度5000mg·kg-1,白羽鹌鹑均未出现明显死亡,对中国白羽鹌鹑的急性饲喂毒性为低毒。在长期饲喂过程中,织物三防整理剂和C6织物三防整理剂会表现出一定的生殖毒性,造成中国白羽鹌鹑的孵化率降低,胚胎死亡率及未受精率升高;全氟丁基有机铵盐阳离子表面活性剂会影响到中国白羽鹌鹑的未受精率,C4织物三防整理剂未表现出明显的生殖毒性。